BIOS 242 Pick Your Pathogen Assignment – Fundamentals of Microbiology with Lab

Name

Chamberlain University

BIOS-242 Fundamentals of Microbiology

Prof. Name

Date

Introduction

Lyme disease is a serious and persistent threat to human health, caused by the bacterial spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. This infectious disease is primarily caused by B. burgdorferi in the United States and was first identified in the 1970s by Dr. Willy Burgdorfer in Lyme, Connecticut. The transmission of this bacterium typically occurs through hard-bodied ticks, particularly deer ticks, which serve as vectors for the infection.

The Pathogen

Borrelia burgdorferi is a spiral-shaped bacterium belonging to the spirochete family, known for its ability to cause Lyme disease. Its spiral structure and flexible body allow it to move through tissues and evade the immune system, enabling it to establish persistent infections in various tissues and organs. This characteristic also aids in the bacterium’s ability to remain undetected by immune cells, thus promoting long-term infections.

Virulence Factors, Immunity, Infectious Disease Information, and Clinical Relevance

Borrelia burgdorferi has several virulence factors contributing to its pathogenicity. A key factor is its ability to alter the expression of its surface proteins, such as outer surface proteins A and C, which help it avoid immune detection. These surface proteins facilitate the bacterium’s attachment to host cells, enabling its survival and persistence in the body.

The immune response to Borrelia burgdorferi infection is complex. Initially, the immune system attempts to combat the infection, but the bacterium employs strategies to evade and suppress the immune response, leading to chronic illness. This immune evasion contributes to the persistence of the bacterium and the development of long-term symptoms in individuals suffering from Lyme disease.

Early symptoms of Lyme disease often include a distinctive skin rash called erythema migrans, along with flu-like symptoms. If untreated, the disease can progress and affect other body systems, such as the joints, heart, and nervous system. Recognizing these symptoms early and seeking medical attention is essential for preventing long-term complications.

Table: Key Aspects of Lyme Disease

Treatment

The primary treatment for Lyme disease involves the use of antibiotics. In the early stages of the disease, oral antibiotics such as doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime are commonly prescribed. For cases where the infection has progressed or become chronic, intravenous antibiotics may be necessary for a longer period. Early detection and treatment are essential to achieving successful outcomes. Delayed diagnosis or inadequate treatment may lead to chronic Lyme disease, which is more challenging to manage effectively.

Prevention

Preventing Lyme disease involves reducing exposure to ticks and taking appropriate precautions in areas where ticks are prevalent. This includes wearing protective clothing, using insect repellents, and conducting thorough tick checks after outdoor activities. Additionally, creating tick-safe environments by maintaining well-kept lawns, removing leaf litter, and using tick control measures can significantly reduce the risk of tick bites.

Conclusion

Lyme disease presents a considerable health challenge due to its aggressive nature and the potential for long-term complications if not diagnosed and treated promptly. A thorough understanding of the pathogen, its virulence factors, and the immune response to Borrelia burgdorferi is essential for effective management and prevention of the disease.

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.). Lyme disease. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html

BIOS 242 Pick Your Pathogen Assignment – Fundamentals of Microbiology with Lab

Steere, A. C., et al. (2004). Lyme borreliosis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2(1), 1-14. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.85
Willy Burgdorfer, et al. (1982). Lyme disease – A tick-borne spirochetosis? Science, 216(4552), 1317-1319.

BIOS 242 Week 3 Lobster OL Bacterial Isolation

Name

Chamberlain University

BIOS-242 Fundamentals of Microbiology

Prof. Name

Date

Learning Objectives

The primary learning objectives of this lab include understanding the importance of bacterial growth when investigating pathological microorganisms. Participants will also learn to apply aseptic techniques to maintain sterile laboratory conditions. Additionally, the lab will guide learners in defining the concept of a single bacterial colony, performing the plate streaking technique for bacterial isolation, and utilizing selective media to aid in the isolation process.

Introduction

Welcome to the Bacterial Isolation virtual simulation lab. The focus of this lab is to explore the contamination of poultry meat by an antibiotic-resistant bacterial strain. The objective is to collect samples of this deadly bacteria from various species. This simulation requires practicing sterile techniques, especially the plate streaking technique, to ensure proper bacterial isolation.

Identifying Ampicillin-Resistant Bacteria

In this lab, you will identify strains of bacteria resistant to ampicillin found in poultry meat. The main task is to collect samples that contain multiple bacterial strains and isolate the ones that are ampicillin-resistant by obtaining single colonies. This allows for further analysis of these strains.

Aseptic Technique

Throughout the simulation, you will be practicing aseptic techniques. These techniques are essential in microbiology to maintain a sterile environment and prevent contamination. The process involves turning on a Bunsen burner and sterilizing your inoculating loop between streaks.

Plate Streaking Technique

A critical part of the lab is the plate streaking technique, used for bacterial isolation. Unlimited agar plates are provided for practicing this technique repeatedly. Immediate results are available, unlike in real-life situations where incubation may take up to 24 hours. Additionally, you will streak a specialized Salmonella Shigella agar to promote the growth of Gram-negative strains. Each strain will exhibit a distinct phenotype on this medium, assisting in the identification of ampicillin-resistant bacteria.

Questions

1. Purpose:

The purpose of this experiment is to gain practical experience in culturing and isolating bacteria. We performed the plate streaking technique to separate and test different bacterial strains, helping us understand the significance of bacterial isolation in microbiological research.

2. Why is proper aseptic technique important in microbiology?

Proper aseptic technique is vital in microbiology to prevent contamination and ensure the integrity of the experiment. It stops unwanted microorganisms from interfering with the cultured bacteria and ensures reliable and accurate results.

3. Why is flaming the inoculating loop or needle before and after each injection important?

Flaming the inoculating loop or needle sterilizes the instrument, removing any bacteria present. It also prevents cross-contamination between different samples, ensuring the purity of the tested cultures. Additionally, waiting for the loop to cool after flame sterilization is crucial to avoid damaging the bacterial culture.

BIOS 242 Week 3 Lobster OL Bacterial Isolation

4. Why is it essential to flame the neck of the tubes immediately after uncapping and before recapping?

Flaming the neck of the tubes is essential to maintain sterility. It prevents any environmental bacteria from contaminating the sample and ensures the integrity of the culture. This step creates a sterile barrier that protects the culture from contamination.

Reflection

During this simulation, I learned about the risks associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, particularly in poultry. It emphasized the importance of proper cooking to avoid infections. Additionally, I gained practical knowledge in bacterial isolation and the plate streaking technique, which deepened my understanding of microbiological procedures. I appreciated the opportunity to repeat the experiment, especially when I made mistakes, which helped improve my techniques. However, the occasional freezing of the simulation was frustrating as it interrupted the workflow and extended the time required to complete the assignment.

References

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

BIOS 242 Week 1 OL Ensuring Safety in the Laboratory Environment

Name

Chamberlain University

BIOS-242 Fundamentals of Microbiology

Prof. Name

Date

Learning Objectives

• Understand and Implement Appropriate Clothing for Laboratory Work:
  One of the key components of laboratory safety is wearing the proper attire, which includes protective clothing. Closed-toe shoes, lab coats, and safety goggles are essential to protect oneself from spills, splashes, and other potential hazards. By implementing these safety measures, you can minimize the risk of injury in the lab.

• Identify and Adhere to Laboratory Do’s and Don’ts:
  Knowing the basic rules of laboratory conduct is crucial for maintaining a safe environment. This involves understanding what activities are permitted and which behaviors must be avoided to prevent accidents and ensure that the lab operates smoothly.

BIOS 242 Week 1 OL Ensuring Safety in the Laboratory Environment

• Demonstrate Proper Use of Lab Safety Equipment:
  Properly using lab safety equipment, such as fire extinguishers, eye wash stations, and spill kits, is an integral part of laboratory work. Being able to operate this equipment effectively will prepare you to handle emergencies and ensure the safety of both yourself and others in the lab.

• React Effectively in Emergencies:
  Emergencies can arise unexpectedly in laboratory environments. The ability to respond calmly and correctly can significantly reduce the severity of the situation. Learning how to react in emergencies ensures that you can protect yourself and your peers from potential harm.

Introduction: Exploring Lab Safety through Virtual Simulations

Laboratory environments come with inherent risks, especially for individuals unfamiliar with their protocols and procedures. In this virtual simulation, participants are given a hands-on experience in a simulated laboratory environment, allowing them to learn crucial skills such as utilizing lab safety equipment and responding appropriately to emergencies. By identifying and addressing potential hazards, you will cultivate a safe working environment and gain valuable knowledge to share with others.

Identifying Hazards: Prioritizing Safety in the Lab

The identification and removal of potential hazards are critical to maintaining a clean and secure workspace. By familiarizing yourself with laboratory safety regulations and equipment, you can develop the necessary skills to respond effectively during an incident. These insights are invaluable in real-life laboratory situations, where adherence to safety rules and the use of proper equipment can prevent accidents and mitigate risks.

Emergency Training: Preparedness for Hazardous Situations

Understanding hazard symbols and their meanings is a vital aspect of lab safety. This knowledge empowers you to take the necessary precautions to avoid hazardous situations, such as chemical spills. The simulation will teach you how to handle unlabeled chemicals, manage various scenarios, and safely operate lab safety equipment like eye wash stations and other essential devices.

Spreading Knowledge: Promoting a Culture of Lab Safety

Sharing your expertise is essential for promoting a safety-conscious culture within the lab environment. You will be able to teach new lab workers the importance of safety protocols, including proper attire and safe practices. By imparting this knowledge, you contribute to a safer workspace and empower others to prioritize safety.

This virtual simulation will give you the confidence to navigate real-life lab settings with diligence and precaution, ensuring both your safety and the safety of those around you. Remember, a commitment to lab safety is key to safeguarding everyone in the lab environment.

Purpose: The Significance of Conducting Lab Safety Experiments

The purpose of conducting lab safety experiments is to familiarize yourself with the proper procedures and equipment necessary for maintaining a safe environment. By participating in these experiments, you will develop proficiency in identifying hazardous chemical symbols and understanding the locations and functions of safety devices. This mindset of safety and precaution is crucial for laboratory work.

Why is it Crucial to Wear Closed-Toe Shoes in the Lab?

Wearing closed-toe shoes in the lab is an essential safety measure that protects your feet from potential spills of harmful chemicals. This precaution minimizes the risk of injury, such as chemical burns, and ensures that your feet are safeguarded from accidental exposure to hazardous materials.

Cleaning the Workbench Before and After Use

Maintaining a clean workbench is critical in laboratory settings. Before beginning any work, cleaning the workbench ensures that no residual pathogens or contaminants compromise the experiment’s integrity. Cleaning after use prevents contamination for the next user, ensuring that the laboratory remains a safe and sterile environment.

Steps for Sterilizing a Contaminated Workbench or Spillage

1. Conduct a Spill Test:
   Begin by identifying the spilled chemical to determine the appropriate cleanup procedure.

2. Use a Neutralizing Agent:
   Once the chemical is identified, apply the proper neutralizing agent to counteract its effects.

3. Remove the Spill:
   Absorbent paper or materials should be used to remove the spill carefully from the surface.

4. Sanitize the Workbench:
   After removing the spill, sanitize the workbench using disinfectants or sterilizing agents to ensure the environment is sterile.

Hazardous Materials in Microbiology Labs and Proper Disposal Methods

1. Broken Glass or Sharp Objects:
   Place these materials in designated glass hazard bins to minimize injury risk during disposal.

2. Materials Contaminated with Blood or Body Fluids:
   Dispose of these items in biohazard bins to contain infectious agents.

3. Used Gloves:
   If gloves are uncontaminated, they can be disposed of in regular trash bins. If contaminated, they should be placed in biohazard bins.

Reflection on the Lab Exercise: Key Takeaways from the Simulation

This lab exercise provided me with valuable insights into laboratory safety practices. I learned the importance of dressing appropriately, such as wearing closed-toe shoes, and securing long hair to minimize risks. The simulation also emphasized the significance of identifying hazardous chemical symbols and understanding the operation of emergency stations. These practices have enhanced my preparedness for conducting experiments safely and competently within a laboratory setting.

BIOS 242 Week 1 OL Ensuring Safety in the Laboratory Environment

References

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

POLI 330 Wk 2 Discussion Political Science

Name

Chamberlain University

POLI-330: Political Science

Prof. Name

Date

POLI 330 Week 2 Discussion: Political Science

Experts frequently argue that the media tends to exhibit bias, often shifting its focus toward infotainment. Consequently, a growing number of individuals are turning to social media networks as their primary source of news, rather than traditional outlets such as CBS, NBC, FOX, CNN, and others. What are your views on this shift? Do you believe news coverage is impartial or skewed? Should there be stricter regulations for news stations?

I align with the experts’ view that media often displays bias and leans towards infotainment. As Chamberlain (2021) notes, “The power of the news media has increased dramatically.” I often find it challenging to trust news outlets for consistent and accurate information. Historically, the media has acted as a watchdog, informing the public about policy debates, emerging societal issues, and other concerns (Greenberg et al., 2018). However, during Donald Trump’s presidency, the relationship between the media and public trust deteriorated further. Trump frequently criticized the media, labeling CNN as “fake news” and suggesting that negative coverage of him was inherently false (Greenberg et al., 2018). Social media platforms, like Twitter, offer spaces for individuals to express their views on various topics and engage in public discourse.

Shift from Traditional Media to Social Media

Before the rise of social media, people predominantly relied on television, radio, and newspapers to stay informed about global events. During this period, news sources were trusted, and people depended on them for reliable information. Over time, however, with the emergence of new social media platforms, providing a variety of opinions, many people turned away from traditional news outlets in favor of social media. In my opinion, this is not necessarily problematic, given that social media platforms are integral to modern life. However, it is crucial for individuals to cross-check the information they receive by consulting multiple sources before forming opinions or accepting it as truth.

According to Tankovska (2021), Facebook ranks as the most popular social media site, followed by YouTube, as primary sources of news for Americans. In fact, social media now plays a more significant role in political discourse than traditional news channels. Many Americans believe that news organizations blur the line between fact and opinion, prioritizing content that generates higher ratings and profits, which only reinforces perceptions of media bias.

Stricter Regulations for News Stations

For these reasons, I believe that news stations should be subjected to stricter regulations concerning the information they broadcast. They should verify their sources and acknowledge errors when they occur, rather than obscuring the truth. Additionally, news organizations should disclose where they obtained their information, so that viewers can independently verify it if desired.

References

Baron, C. (2021). Most used social media 2021. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/

Chamberlain University. (2021). Week 2 Lesson: Structural foundations of American government and politics. Retrieved from https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/87406/pages/week-2-lesson-structural-foundations-of-american-government-and-politics?module_item_id=12896491

Greenberg, E. S., Page, B. I., Doherty, D., Minkoff, S. L., & Ryan, J. (2021). The struggle for democracy. Pearson.

POLI 330N Week 2 Assignment: The Role of Media in Influencing Government and the Public

Name

Chamberlain University

POLI-330: Political Science

Prof. Name

Date

The Roles of the Media in Influencing Government and Its Citizens

Characteristics of the Media

• The media enables widespread communication through various channels, including television, radio, social media, and print.
• It is typically owned by government entities or for-profit organizations, both of which can shape its role in society.
• The media exerts influence on both the government and the public by shaping perceptions and providing information.
• Key characteristics include public broadcasting, adherence to the fairness doctrine, low-power broadcasting, and frequency allocation regulations.

Expectations from the Media

• The media is expected to provide comprehensive knowledge about government decision-making processes.
• Journalists and media professionals attend parliamentary sessions, ask critical questions, and engage in debates about parliamentary decisions.
• The media plays a crucial role in defending and scrutinizing the positions of parliamentary decision-makers, holding them accountable to the public.

Education Role of the Media

• The media fosters the creation and development of an educated citizenry by providing reliable information.
• It offers independent news and insights regarding the operations and functions of the government.
• Furthermore, the media serves as an educational tool, teaching citizens about governmental structures, functions, and responsibilities.

Media, Citizens, and the Government

The Media as a Watchdog

• The media functions as a government watchdog, monitoring and reporting on its activities to ensure transparency (Whitman Cobb, 2020).
• It highlights harmful actions taken by the government, allowing citizens to react and voice their concerns.
• Through investigative journalism, the media exposes corruption and unethical behaviors, making it more effective than individual efforts.

Media as the Fourth Arm of Government

• The media is often referred to as the “fourth arm” of government due to its critical role in shaping public opinion, overseeing governmental activities, and promoting democratic values.

Socialization Role of the Media

• The media helps communicate societal beliefs, values, and ideals, promoting cohesion among different communities.
• It encompasses a broad range of platforms, including websites, news channels, newspapers, magazines, and books.
• The media contributes to reconciliation and social unity by bringing communities closer together.

Media and Democracy

• The media plays a fundamental role in promoting democracy by informing the public about their civic duties and rights.
• It educates voters on the significance of participating in elections and supports the democratic process by providing balanced information on political candidates.
• By fostering democratic ideas, attitudes, and values, the media stands as a vital advocate for justice and freedom in society.

References

Curran, J. (2014). Reinterpreting the democratic roles of the media. Brazilian Journalism Research, 10(2), 28-53.

Husin, M. M., Ismail, N., & Ab Rahman, A. (2016). The roles of mass media, word of mouth and subjective norm in family takaful purchase intention. Journal of Islamic Marketing.

Song, C., & Lee, J. (2016). Citizens’ use of social media in government, perceived transparency, and trust in government. Public Performance & Management Review, 39(2), 430-453.

POLI 330N Week 2 Assignment: The Role of Media in Influencing Government and the Public

Whitman Cobb, W. N. (2020). Political science today (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Sage, CQ Press.

BIOS 242 Week 7 Biosafety

Name

Chamberlain University

BIOS-242 Fundamentals of Microbiology

Prof. Name

Date

Biosafety Learning Outcomes

Understanding Laboratory Construction

A Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory is specifically designed to manage hazardous pathogens safely. Key features include controlled airflow and pressure to prevent contamination. These systems ensure that any potential aerosols or contaminants do not escape the laboratory environment, protecting both personnel and the surrounding area.

Basic Safety Protocols

In a BSL-3 laboratory, adherence to strict safety protocols is essential. Basic rules include the mandatory use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, lab coats, and face shields. Moreover, laboratory design includes primary containment measures, such as microbiological safety cabinets, which provide a secure environment for handling pathogens.

Handling Microorganisms

Proper techniques for handling microorganisms in a BSL-3 laboratory are crucial. This includes understanding how to use a microbiological safety cabinet effectively and recognizing the importance of maintaining a controlled pressure environment to minimize the risk of exposure.

Fumigation Procedures

Fumigation is a critical process carried out within microbiological safety cabinets. This procedure involves the application of chemicals to disinfect and eliminate pathogens, ensuring that all surfaces within the cabinet are free from contamination before and after experiments.

Introduction: Experiment with Biosafety Virtual Simulation Lab

The biosafety simulation offers an opportunity to learn about laboratory containment, which is essential for working with hazardous pathogens. Participants will engage with a BSL-3 research laboratory environment, gaining firsthand experience with containment strategies and safety protocols.

Laboratory Safety Awareness

The simulation introduces participants to the fundamental safety measures necessary for maintaining a secure laboratory. Participants will learn how the laboratory’s structure and equipment work together to avoid contamination, including the necessity of controlling internal pressure.

Identifying Hazards

During the biosafety simulation, participants will explore hypothetical scenarios involving potential bioterrorism agents classified as hazard group three microorganisms. It is important to note that the simulation is based on UK regulations, and practices may vary according to local laws.

BIOS 242 Week 7 Biosafety

Questions and Reflections

BIOS 242 Week 6 Disease Worksheet

Name

Chamberlain University

BIOS-242 Fundamentals of Microbiology

Prof. Name

Date

Disease Worksheet

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Bacterial Meningitis.

Ghosh, S., & Rajesh, G. (2020). Understanding Infectious Mononucleosis. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 221(2), 298-310.

BIOS 242 Week 6 Disease Worksheet

Johnson, J. (2022). Trachoma and Eye Health. Global Health Journal, 15(4), 112-118.

National Institutes of Health. (2020). Lyme Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment.

World Health Organization. (2021). Global Health Estimates: Leading Causes of Death.

BIOS 242 Week 5 Immune and Lymphatic system Lab

Name

Chamberlain University

BIOS-242 Fundamentals of Microbiology

Prof. Name

Date

Lab Overview

This lab consists of two distinct parts. The first part involves labeling the anatomical structures associated with the lymphatic system. The second part requires answering a series of questions. Upon completion of the lab, please ensure that you submit your work to the designated basket.

Part 1: Anatomical Structures of the Lymphatic System

Part 2: Questions and Answers

• Explain why the lymphatic system is a one-way system, whereas the blood vascular system is a two-way system.
  
  The lymphatic system operates as a one-way system, collecting lymph from interstitial fluid and transporting it to lymph nodes for cleansing. After processing, the lymph is directed to lymphatic ducts and trunks, ultimately draining into the subclavian and jugular veins to re-enter the bloodstream. In contrast, the blood vascular system functions as a two-way system, delivering nutrients and gases to cells while removing waste products.

• How do lymphatic vessels resemble veins?
  Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins in that they lack a significant tunica media and are generally larger in size. Both types of vessels require external assistance to facilitate the movement of lymph and blood, respectively.

• How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?
  Blood capillaries transport blood from small arterioles to small venules, while lymphatic capillaries carry lymphatic fluid from tissues to lymphatic venules. Structurally, lymphatic capillaries have a slightly larger diameter and thinner walls compared to blood capillaries.

BIOS 242 Week 5 Immune and Lymphatic system Lab

• What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?
  Lymphatic vessels transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system. They play a crucial role in transporting lymphocytes, removing foreign matter and cellular debris through phagocytosis, and contributing to the body’s immune response. Additionally, they facilitate the transport of fats from the small intestine to the bloodstream.

• What is lymph?
  Lymph is a clear to yellowish fluid found throughout the body. It circulates through tissues, collecting fats, bacteria, and other unwanted materials, which are filtered out via the lymphatic system. Lymph is similar to plasma but contains lymphocytes and chyle.

• What factors are involved in the flow of lymphatic fluid?
  The flow of lymphatic fluid is influenced by the milking action of skeletal muscles and pressure changes within the thorax that occur during breathing.

• What name is given to the terminal duct draining most of the body?
  The terminal duct that drains most of the body is known as the Thoracic Duct.

• What is the function of B cells in the immune response?
  B cells differentiate into plasma cells upon activation and secrete antibodies. These antibodies are proteins that bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction, which is a key aspect of humoral immunity.

BIOS 242 Week 5 Immune and Lymphatic system Lab

• What is the role of T cells?
  T cells are responsible for directly attacking virus-infected tissue cells. Helper T cells activate B cells into plasma cells and cytotoxic T cells, while other T cells can inhibit the immune response, providing cellular immunity.

• Define the following term related to the operation of the immune system: Recognition of self from non-self.
  Recognition of self refers to the ability of immune cells to identify the body’s own cells as safe and refrain from attacking them. In contrast, non-self refers to foreign substances that invade the body, such as pathogens and allergens. Some non-self entities may have been encountered previously, allowing the immune system to recognize them and mount a more efficient attack using memory cells.

BIOS 242 Week 4 Pasteurization and Sterilization

Name

Chamberlain University

BIOS-242 Fundamentals of Microbiology

Prof. Name

Date

Pasteurization and Sterilization

Learning Outcomes

• Explain the concept of food spoilage and shelf life.
• Describe the principles of pasteurization and sterilization.
• Analyze the parameters of High-Temperature-Time-Treatment (HTST) pasteurization.
• Perform canning as a method of sterilization.
• Identify how plastic and metal can be utilized as packaging materials.

Introduction: Experiment with Pasteurization and Sterilization Virtual Simulation Lab

In the Pasteurization and Sterilization lab, you will assist Adam, an organic farmer, in extending the shelf life of his peach juice. Alongside Marie, a food scientist, you will learn the fundamentals of food spoilage and shelf life by conducting a series of spoilage detection experiments. Subsequently, you will explore two types of heat treatment—pasteurization and sterilization—to eliminate spoilage in the peach juice. Finally, you will apply your knowledge to determine the most suitable type of packaging and heat treatment for Adam’s peach juice. Will you successfully eliminate spoilage in Adam’s peach juice?## Questions

1. Purpose: Why is food safety important?
   Food safety is crucial to prevent the consumption of bacteria-infested or spoiled food, which can harm our bodies and lead to serious illness. It is essential to protect the public from food poisoning and other harmful bacteria that could potentially be fatal.

2. What practices would you recommend to keep food safe at home?

   • Check expiration dates before consuming any food items.
   • Keep perishable items refrigerated at all times.
   • Avoid eating anything that smells bad.
   • Reheat food to a high temperature.
   • Do not purchase items that are close to their expiration date.
   • Always keep food containers covered with a lid.
   • Ensure the microwave is clean before heating food.

3. What would you recommend for the storage of milk at home?

   • Always check the expiration date.
   • Inspect the milk when pouring it into a glass to ensure it is not spoiled.
   • Smell the milk for any sour odor, which indicates spoilage.

4. What is the difference between pasteurization and sterilization?
   Pasteurization is a heat treatment that reduces microbial load and food spoilage, while sterilization eliminates all spoilage microorganisms by applying heat above 100 degrees Celsius to extend shelf life.

5. Reflection: Write five sentences on what you learned from this simulation. What did you like, and what would you prefer not to be a part of this simulation?
   From this simulation, I learned that the three common types of microorganisms responsible for food spoilage are bacteria, yeast, and mold. I also learned the steps involved in pasteurization and the necessary temperatures to maintain food shelf life. Measuring the pH of peach juice was particularly interesting, and I discovered that the pH of canned juice is lower compared to bottled or fresh juice. Additionally, I learned that bacterial counts are measured in CFU/ml, which I find memorable. I enjoyed testing the pH of the peach juice and formulating a hypothesis. The machine that counted the number of bacteria on the agar plate was fascinating, and I liked using the pipette to collect samples. However, I would have preferred a real lab setting over a virtual one, as it would have been more satisfying to perform the experiment in person.

Grading Rubric

References

American Society for Quality. (2018). Quality Tools and Techniques.

Schwalbe, K. (2016). Information Technology Project Management.

EdrawSoft. (2018). Flowchart Software.

BIOS 242 Week 4 Pasteurization and Sterilization

Usmani, A. (2014). Statistical Analysis Tools.

Wilhite, R. (2017). Quality Management Principles.

BIOS 242 Week 3 Micro Gram Staining Lab

Name

Chamberlain University

BIOS-242 Fundamentals of Microbiology

Prof. Name

Date

The Gram Stain: Identify and Differentiate Bacteria

Learning Outcomes

• Describe the structure of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
• Identify the theoretical and technical aspects of the Gram staining procedure.
• Recognize the most common mistakes made during Gram staining.
• Analyze the results of a Gram staining experiment using a light microscope.

About the Gram Stain: Identify and Differentiate Bacteria Virtual Simulation Lab

Did you know that there are approximately 5 million-trillion-trillion bacteria in the world? While most of these bacteria are harmless, some can cause diseases in affected hosts. In this simulation, you will assist doctors in identifying bacteria in a cerebrospinal fluid sample from a patient suspected of having bacterial meningitis.

Explore the Bacterial Cell Wall

You will compare and contrast the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by creating your own 3D bacterial models on a hologram table. Enter the exploration pod to observe an immersive animation that demonstrates how the four reagents of the Gram stain interact with the structural components of the cell wall to color the bacteria.

Perform the Gram Stain

When the patient’s fluid sample arrives at the laboratory, don protective gear to prepare a bacterial smear and heat-fix it to a glass slide. You are now ready to perform the Gram stain in a safe virtual environment. If you make a mistake, simply press the large red button on the workbench to repeat the staining procedure until you master it.

Interpret Your Findings Using a Microscope

Finally, you will use a light microscope to interpret the results of your Gram stain. View the microscopic image on the computer screen and apply immersion oil to achieve a magnification of 1000x! Will you be able to identify the presence of any bacteria in the patient’s cerebrospinal fluid?

Questions

1. Purpose: Please describe in complete sentences and in your own words the purpose of this experiment.
   The purpose of this experiment is to determine the Gram stain of the bacterial sample, which helps identify the chemical composition of the cell wall. The color of the stain will indicate whether the bacteria are Gram-positive or Gram-negative. Additionally, it can provide information about the shape, size, and arrangement of the cells.

2. Complete the following table by predicting colors of bacteria with and without cell walls as they are processed through the steps of Gram staining.

1. A fellow student showed you a Gram-stained slide where cells containing thick cell walls were stained pink. What would you tell her about the staining procedure? Why?
   A slide showing cells with thick cell walls stained pink indicates a Gram-positive bacterium. This suggests that an error occurred during the staining procedure, likely due to skipping the iodine step. The crystal violet would initially bind to the cells, but the subsequent addition of safranin would stain the bacteria pink.

2. A fellow student showed you a Gram-stained slide where cells containing LPS were stained purple. What would you tell her about the staining procedure? Why?
   A Gram-stained slide where cells containing LPS are stained purple indicates an error in the procedure. Gram-negative cells have LPS in their outer membrane, and if the decolorization step with alcohol was missed, the crystal violet and iodine would not be washed away, resulting in the Gram-negative bacteria appearing purple.

3. Reflection: Write five sentences on what you learned from this simulation. What did you like, and what would you prefer not to be a part of this simulation?
   In this lab simulation, I learned about the structural differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. I also discovered why they stain different colors based on their components, such as peptidoglycan and thick cell walls. Additionally, I learned the steps involved in performing a Gram stain and how to conduct the procedure myself. I was able to use a microscope to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, along with their structure, size, and arrangement. I appreciated the simulation for its informative content and thoroughness, as it felt as realistic as possible.

Grading Rubric: Activity Deliverable Points

References

American Society for Quality. (2018). Quality Tools and Techniques.

Schwalbe, K. (2016). Information Technology Project Management.

EdrawSoft. (2018). Flowchart Software.

BIOS 242 Week 3 Micro Gram Staining Lab

Usmani, A. (2014). Statistical Analysis Tools.

Wilhite, R. (2017). Quality Management Principles.