Capella FPX 4045 Assessment 4

Name

Capella University

NURS-FPX4045 Nursing Informatics: Managing Health Information and Technology

Prof. Name

Date

Informatics and Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators

Understanding Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators

Welcome to this orientation session designed for newly hired nurses. Today’s training focuses on the importance of nursing-sensitive quality indicators (NSQIs), with a particular emphasis on Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs). These indicators provide a measurable reflection of how nursing care directly influences patient outcomes. We will examine the function of the National Database of Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators (NDNQI), the necessity of tracking HAIs, the interdisciplinary team’s role, and how collecting and utilizing data enhances patient safety and care quality. Implementing evidence-based practices based on these indicators contributes to meeting institutional goals and delivering safe, patient-centered care using modern technologies.

Overview of Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators

NSQIs capture essential data about the structural elements of care delivery, the processes nurses engage in, and the patient outcomes resulting from those activities (Gormley et al., 2024). These indicators serve as valuable tools for assessing nursing contributions to healthcare outcomes and identifying areas requiring improvement. The NDNQI, managed by the American Nurses Association, enables health systems to benchmark unit-level data, fostering targeted quality improvements.

One critical outcome indicator is the rate of HAIs, which are associated with prolonged hospitalizations, elevated treatment costs, and increased patient morbidity and mortality (Gidey et al., 2023). Surveillance of HAI rates helps identify infection trends and shape effective infection prevention strategies. Frontline nurses are crucial to reducing HAI incidences by adhering to hand hygiene protocols, sterile techniques, and institutional guidelines. Familiarity with this data enhances nursing accountability and encourages evidence-based interventions.

Collection and Use of Quality Indicator Data

Methods of HAI Data Collection and Distribution

During a recent interview with a healthcare quality expert, it was emphasized that HAI data is primarily obtained via Electronic Health Records (EHRs), direct clinical observation, and infection control surveillance platforms. Infection prevention specialists validate suspected HAIs using CDC guidelines, ensuring that data includes infection onset timing (48+ hours post-admission), clinical symptoms, lab confirmations, and exclusion of community-acquired infections (CDC, 2025). The validated data is recorded in internal systems and submitted to external benchmarks like the NDNQI.

Once collected, HAI statistics are disseminated through various channels such as monthly quality reports, team meetings, dashboards, and performance huddles. Clinical units receive trend-specific data to facilitate targeted action planning. Nurses are pivotal in documenting relevant care activities like catheter use, wound care, and hygiene compliance—actions essential to accurate reporting. Timely and accurate documentation enhances data integrity and supports root cause analysis (Vaismoradi et al., 2020).

Role of the Interdisciplinary Team in HAI Reporting

Interdisciplinary collaboration plays a central role in monitoring and reporting HAIs, thereby supporting enhanced patient care, safety, and performance outcomes. This team includes nurses, physicians, infection prevention experts, quality improvement personnel, and IT professionals. Each member’s contribution ensures a comprehensive approach to identifying and mitigating infection risks.

Real-time dashboards in the interviewee’s organization allow regular trend reviews and unit-specific interventions. This collaborative model fosters shared accountability, enhances reporting accuracy, and strengthens transparency across departments (Vaismoradi et al., 2020).

Impact of HAI Data on Safety, Outcomes, and Performance

Enhancing Patient Safety

HAIs are a primary target for safety initiatives due to their preventable nature. Identifying high-risk units allows implementation of focused protocols such as improved hand hygiene compliance or aseptic central line insertions (Buetti et al., 2022). Education and routine audits promote adherence to these measures, contributing to a culture of safety and minimizing patient complications.

Improving Clinical Outcomes

Tracking HAIs helps detect patterns in care delivery and drives interventions that improve patient recovery rates. For instance, reducing unnecessary catheter use has been linked to lower CAUTI rates (Reynolds et al., 2022). As a result, patients experience shorter hospital stays, reduced readmissions, and increased satisfaction with care.

Supporting Organizational Performance

HAI statistics are vital to external reporting obligations and serve as indicators of healthcare quality. Poor infection control performance may negatively affect reimbursement rates, public perception, and accreditation status (Gidey et al., 2023). Conversely, a sustained reduction in HAIs can elevate an organization’s reputation and serve as evidence of excellence in care delivery.

Guidelines for Nurses: Technology Use Based on HAI Data

Healthcare-associated infection data informs evidence-based guidelines that optimize technology usage by nurses. These protocols support the correct implementation of devices and tools to minimize infection risks (Reynolds et al., 2022). For example, elevated CAUTI rates may prompt training on using bladder scanners instead of indwelling catheters. Similarly, an increase in CLABSIs may necessitate the use of smart IV pumps and sterile barriers during line insertions (Buetti et al., 2022).

These guidelines ensure consistent care practices and allow nurses to implement safer, standardized procedures that enhance outcomes and reduce infection risks.

Conclusion

Understanding and implementing nursing-sensitive quality indicators, particularly HAIs, is essential for improving care quality and patient outcomes. Through collaborative teamwork, rigorous data collection, and integration of technology, nurses contribute significantly to infection prevention. For new nurses, adopting these evidence-based strategies ensures safer practice environments, enhances patient experiences, and supports institutional excellence in care delivery.

References

Buetti, N., Marschall, J., Drees, M., Fakih, M. G., Hadaway, L., Maragakis, L. L., Monsees, E., Novosad, S., O’Grady, N. P., Rupp, M. E., Wolf, J., Yokoe, D., & Mermel, L. A. (2022). Strategies to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 43(5), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2022.87

CDC National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). (2025, January). Identifying healthcare-associated infections (HAI) for NHSN surveillance. cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/2psc_identifyinghais_nhsncurrent.pdf

Gidey, K., Gidey, M. T., Hailu, B. Y., Gebreamlak, Z. B., & Niriayo, Y. L. (2023). Clinical and economic burden of healthcare-associated infections: A prospective cohort study. PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0282141. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282141

Capella FPX 4045 Assessment 4

Gormley, E., Connolly, M., & Ryder, M. (2024). The development of nursing-sensitive indicators: A critical discussion. International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances, 7(7), 100227–100227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2024.100227

Hascic, A., Wolfensberger, A., Clack, L., Schreiber, P. W., Kuster, S. P., & Sax, H. (2022). Documentation of adherence to infection prevention best practice in patient records: A mixed-methods investigation. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-022-01139-2

Patel, P. K., Advani, S. D., Kofman, A. D., Lo, E., Maragakis, L. L., Pegues, D. A., Pettis, A. M., Saint, S., Trautner, B., Yokoe, D. S., & Meddings, J. (2023). Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 44(8), 1209–1231. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2023.137

Reynolds, S. S., Sova, C., Lozano, H., Bhandari, K., Taylor, B., Lobaugh-Jin, E., Carriker, C., Lewis, S. S., Smith, B. A., & Kalu, I. C. (2022). Enhancement of infection prevention case review process to optimize learning from defects. Journal of Infection Prevention, 23(3), 175717742110667. https://doi.org/10.1177/17571774211066760

Capella FPX 4045 Assessment 4

Vaismoradi, M., Tella, S., Logan, P., Khakurel, J., & Moreno, F. V. (2020). Nurses’ adherence to patient safety principles: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062028

Capella FPX 4045 Assessment 3

Name

Capella University

NURS-FPX4045 Nursing Informatics: Managing Health Information and Technology

Prof. Name

Date

Technology in Nursing

Introduction to the Selected Technology Topic

The chosen technological innovation for exploration is telehealth videoconferencing systems, selected due to their transformative impact on enhancing healthcare accessibility, patient safety, and quality outcomes. These systems are particularly beneficial in addressing care gaps in remote or underserved communities by offering real-time interaction between patients and providers. This facilitates continuity of care, minimizes delays in treatment, and reduces hospital admissions. The topic was investigated through reputable academic sources using databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, and ScienceDirect. Specific search terms included “telehealth videoconferencing in nursing,” “videoconferencing systems and patient safety,” and “telehealth technology and quality care.” These keywords helped identify peer-reviewed literature that informs the integration of telehealth into nursing practice.

Annotation Elements

Ådnanes et al. (2024)

This scoping review synthesized findings from 22 studies across seven countries, focusing on the use of videoconferencing (VC) in child and adolescent mental health services within welfare systems. VC was found to significantly improve accessibility to mental health care and timeliness of intervention, thereby enhancing patient safety and overall well-being. The review further emphasized the role of VC in supporting multidisciplinary collaboration between mental health and child welfare professionals. Nonetheless, the review raised concerns about potential limitations in building therapeutic relationships through screen-based interaction. This study is pertinent to nursing as it emphasizes the importance of understanding the balance between benefits and constraints when delivering patient-centered care to vulnerable populations.

Cubo et al. (2021)

Cubo and colleagues examined 26 videoconferencing platforms for telemedicine, evaluating them based on usability, security, and compliance with European and U.S. privacy regulations. Their findings affirm that VC technology enhances care quality by enabling remote assessments, particularly in neurological care, and maintaining service continuity during crises. However, they caution that inadequate cybersecurity measures may threaten patient confidentiality. This article is particularly relevant to nursing and interdisciplinary teams as it highlights the importance of secure communication platforms that facilitate remote education, monitoring, and consultations—critical for chronic care management and professional collaboration.

Newbould et al. (2021)

Using a realist evaluation, this study explored the variables influencing the adoption and sustainability of VC in residential care facilities for older adults in the UK. Key enablers included effective leadership, staff readiness, and a positive communication environment. The research illustrates that VC promotes timely access to specialist care, especially during off-hours, improving both safety and outcomes. It further strengthens team-based care through real-time decision-making and knowledge sharing. The insights provided are invaluable for nurses aiming to integrate telehealth into long-term care settings, and they highlight the need for ongoing staff training and organizational support.

Payne & Clarke (2023)

This qualitative focus group study involving general practitioners (GPs) in the UK explored the practical application of video consultations in urgent care. The findings demonstrate that video consultations are effective tools that complement telephone triage, particularly by enabling visual assessments and building trust through face-to-face interaction. For nurses and interprofessional teams, these consultations enhance coordination and allow remote participation. The study also emphasized the importance of individualized training to ensure the success of these technologies in routine clinical practice.

Tenfelde et al. (2023)

This research investigates factors that influence patient satisfaction with video consultations. High satisfaction rates were linked to the reliability of the technology, minimal technical disruptions, and effective provider communication. Patient characteristics such as age or gender had little influence. Instead, the provider’s communication skills and seamless technological performance were key. From a nursing perspective, the findings underline the necessity of robust training and technology infrastructure to enhance remote monitoring and patient engagement while delivering timely and safe care.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Telehealth

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an integral component in optimizing video consultations by improving the efficiency of healthcare delivery and the quality of patient care. AI can enhance triage processes by analyzing clinical data and recommending prioritized care pathways. For instance, AI-generated captions during consultations provide real-time subtitles, making services more inclusive for patients with hearing impairments (Burrell, 2023). Additionally, predictive analytics can anticipate patient deterioration, reducing emergency visits and improving long-term outcomes. AI tools also support clinical decision-making by assisting with routine inquiries and medication reviews, enabling nurses to allocate more time to direct patient care. AI’s role in minimizing technical issues and enhancing communication quality further aligns with findings by Tenfelde et al. (2023), reinforcing its potential to elevate patient satisfaction and consultation efficiency.

Summary of Recommendation

In conclusion, the integration of videoconferencing technologies into healthcare practice has proven to be instrumental in improving patient access, safety, and quality outcomes. These technologies facilitate real-time interaction, reduce geographic and logistical barriers, and enhance the coordination of interdisciplinary care. However, for these tools to be effective, organizations must address technological barriers, such as cybersecurity and infrastructure reliability, and ensure robust communication training for healthcare staff (Cubo et al., 2021; Tenfelde et al., 2023). Leadership engagement, a culture of innovation, and staff training are critical to overcoming resistance and ensuring sustainable adoption (Newbould et al., 2021; Payne & Clarke, 2023). Moreover, AI integration further strengthens the utility of video consultations by streamlining administrative functions and improving accessibility for diverse populations (Burrell, 2023). Overall, the strategic use of VC supported by strong leadership and advanced AI tools has the potential to transform healthcare delivery and improve patient and staff experiences alike.

Summary Table: Annotation Elements of Selected Studies

References

Ådnanes, M., Kaasbøll, J., Kaspersen, S. L., & Krane, V. (2024). Videoconferencing in mental health services for children and adolescents receiving child welfare services: A scoping review. BMC Health Services Research, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11157-y

Burrell, D. N. (2023). Dynamic evaluation approaches to telehealth technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) telemedicine applications in healthcare and biotechnology organizations. Merits, 3(4), 700–721. https://doi.org/10.3390/merits3040042

Cubo, E., Arnaiz-Rodriguez, A., Arnaiz-González, Á., Díez-Pastor, J.-F., Spindler, M., Cardozo, A., Garcia-Bustillo, A., Mari, Z., & Bloem, B. R. (2021). Videoconferencing software options for telemedicine: A review for movement disorder neurologists. Frontiers in Neurology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.745917

Capella FPX 4045 Assessment 3

Newbould, L., Ariss, S., Mountain, G., & Hawley, M. S. (2021). Exploring factors that affect the uptake and sustainability of videoconferencing for healthcare provision for older adults in care homes: A realist evaluation. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01372-y

Payne, R., & Clarke, A. (2023). How and why are video consultations used in urgent primary care settings in the UK? A focus group study. BJGP Open, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpo.2023.0025

Tenfelde, K., Bol, N., Schoonman, G., Erik, J., & Antheunis, M. L. (2023). Exploring the impact of patient, physician and technology factors on patient video consultation satisfaction. Digital Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076231203887

Capella FPX 4045 Assessment 2

Name

Capella University

NURS-FPX4045 Nursing Informatics: Managing Health Information and Technology

Prof. Name

Date

Protected Health Information (PHI)

Understanding Protected Health Information (PHI)

Protected Health Information (PHI) includes any patient data that can identify an individual and relates to their health status, treatment, or care. Examples include names, addresses, birthdates, care plans, medication protocols, and insurance details (Murdoch, 2021). In hospice and palliative care, maintaining PHI confidentiality is crucial to preserving trust and complying with legal regulations like HIPAA.

HIPAA and Its Role in Privacy Protection

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was established to ensure the privacy and security of individuals’ PHI across the United States (Tovino, 2022). Key provisions include:

• Patient Consent: Explicit authorization is required before sharing PHI, including end-of-life information.
• Security Rule: Requires protection of Electronic Health Information (EHI) against unauthorized access—especially when using telehealth or digital communication platforms.
• Privacy Rule: Ensures PHI is not disclosed without patient approval. For instance, discussing end-of-life care in non-private spaces may violate this rule (Cooke et al., 2022).
• Confidentiality Rule: Prohibits sharing patient updates via insecure channels like unprotected social media apps, which can result in privacy breaches.

Collaborative Efforts to Secure PHI

An interdisciplinary approach is essential for maintaining PHI confidentiality in virtual hospice and palliative care settings:

• Clinical Teams receive cybersecurity training and use encrypted platforms for sensitive discussions.
• Administrators oversee compliance, implement strict data protocols, and allocate resources for IT security.
• IT and Security Staff safeguard digital platforms using firewalls, encryption, and routine audits to detect vulnerabilities (Murdoch, 2021).
• Outcome: Collaborative strategies enhance patient safety and ensure ethical data handling.

Real-World Evidence of Social Media Violations

Healthcare professionals must refrain from posting clinical details or emotional reflections online. Failure to protect PHI can lead to:

• Job Termination and Legal Sanctions
• License Revocation and Financial Penalties

• Example Cases:

  • Anthem, Inc.: Fined \$16 million after a data breach affecting 79 million individuals.
  • Memorial Healthcare System: Paid \$5.5 million due to staff accessing and selling PHI.
  • Unauthorized Disclosures: Penalties range from \$100 to \$50,000 per incident (Chin, 2023).

Best Practices for PHI and EHI Protection

To secure PHI in hospice and palliative care environments, healthcare organizations should:

• Conduct Safety Audits: Regularly assess telehealth systems and gather feedback to improve data protection.
• Use Advanced Security Systems: Implement SSL encryption and firewalls to safeguard remote patient communications (Mayo Clinic, 2024).
• Offer Cybersecurity Training: Equip healthcare workers with knowledge and tools for safe EHI handling (Anhalt et al., 2022).

Social Media Guidelines for Healthcare Providers

Strategies to Ensure HIPAA Compliance Online

• Staff Training: Ongoing education on HIPAA and social media policies.
• Policy Implementation: Clear, written guidelines on appropriate digital behavior.
• Compliance Oversight: Assign staff to monitor and manage potential violations (Anhalt et al., 2022).

Social Media Do’s and Don’ts

Do:

• Share general healthcare tips (not patient-specific).
• Maintain strict confidentiality at all times.
• Use secure, HIPAA-compliant communication platforms.

Don’t:

• Post patient photos or share treatment narratives.
• Disclose sensitive care experiences.
• Publish personal reflections about patient interactions.

References

Anhalt, S. A., et al. (2022). The 21st century cures act and multiuser electronic health record access. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(2), e34085. https://doi.org/10.2196/34085

Chin, K. (2023). Top 20 worst HIPAA violation cases in history. UpGuard. https://www.upguard.com/blog/worst-hipaa-violation-cases

Cooke, E., et al. (2022). Ethics of health information sharing at end of life. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 41(4), 1153–1166. https://doi.org/10.1177/07334648211053308

Capella FPX 4045 Assessment 2

Mayo Clinic. (2024). Privacy policy. https://www.mayoclinic.org/about-this-site/privacy-policy

Murdoch, B. (2021). Privacy and artificial intelligence in health care. Biomed Central Medical Ethics, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-021-00687-3

Tovino, S. A. (2022). Health privacy, security, and information management. Laws of Medicine, 223–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08162-0_13

Capella FPX 4045 Assessment 1

Name

Capella University

NURS-FPX4045 Nursing Informatics: Managing Health Information and Technology

Prof. Name

Date

Nursing Informatics in Health Care

The integration of Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) into healthcare practices significantly enhances patient safety. These tools assist in delivering more precise diagnoses, supporting clinicians in selecting optimal treatments, and guiding healthcare professionals through complex clinical decisions (Laraichi et al., 2024). This proposal underscores the essential role of Nurse Informaticists (NIs) in implementing CDSS to reduce medical errors, send timely medication alerts, and strengthen overall patient outcomes.

Nursing Informatics and the Role of the Nurse Informaticist

Nursing informatics merges clinical practice, information science, and computer technology to optimize the storage and exchange of health-related data, ultimately boosting patient safety. Through these digital innovations, nurses are better equipped to interpret clinical data and offer evidence-based care (Nashwan et al., 2025). A Nurse Informaticist (NI) is a registered nurse with specialized IT expertise who ensures the safe and efficient integration of technology within healthcare settings. They play a critical role in training staff, managing the implementation of software tools, and developing data-driven strategies for clinical improvements (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2024). A pioneer in this field, Dr. Virginia Saba, contributed significantly by establishing the Clinical Care Classification (CCC) system to enhance the accuracy of patient records (Lopez et al., 2023). NIs also spearhead the design and application of CDSS in clinical settings, tailoring tools to the needs of both patients and healthcare providers. They offer educational support and conduct data analysis to improve decision-making processes and reduce potential harm.

Collaboration Between NIs and Health Care Organizations

Across the United States, healthcare institutions have increasingly adopted nursing informatics to strengthen patient care. Through real-time alerts and automation, CDSS allows NIs to promptly notify staff about medication administration and potential interactions. At the Cleveland Clinic, advancements in nursing informatics have led to enhanced electronic health record (EHR) systems and improved digital workflows (Cleveland Clinic, 2024). Similarly, the Mayo Clinic leverages CDSS to predict, diagnose, and manage acute kidney injuries, thereby personalizing treatment pathways (Mayo Clinic, 2024). These examples illustrate how NIs act as vital liaisons between clinical teams and digital tools, ensuring systems are user-friendly and integrated effectively into everyday practice.

In these collaborative efforts, NIs work closely with IT specialists, nurses, and physicians to tailor CDSS tools that improve clinical accuracy and reduce workload. Their contribution includes training frontline staff, refining clinical workflows, and ensuring CDSS is seamlessly embedded within the EHR infrastructure. Through ongoing collaboration, NIs help develop features that enhance decision-making, reduce errors, and improve efficiency (ANA, 2024).

Impact of Nurse Participation in Technology Integration

When nurses are actively involved in the development and implementation of clinical tools like CDSS, both patient outcomes and operational efficiency improve significantly. The involvement of nurses ensures that these systems are practical, support clinical decision-making, and contribute to safer, more accurate care delivery (Laraichi et al., 2024). CDSS enables nurses to access vital patient data swiftly, highlight anomalies, prevent medication errors, and make informed choices. Due to NIs’ leadership, CDSS usage has become standard practice, improving system usability and promoting interprofessional collaboration.

According to Zhai et al. (2022), nursing leadership in the adoption of CDSS enhances technological acceptance and usability. For instance, by integrating CDSS with EHRs, unnecessary vitamin D testing was reduced, resulting in annual savings of \$300,000 (Lewkowicz et al., 2020). This example highlights the financial and clinical benefits of engaging NIs in project leadership, reinforcing their role in promoting efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness.

Opportunities and Challenges in Implementing CDSS

Despite various challenges, the contribution of NIs to clinical decision-making continues to yield substantial improvements in care quality. Their role is critical in executing CDSS, which aids in accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment, and real-time support for clinicians (Laraichi et al., 2024). NIs utilize technology to offer real-time access to patient information, send alerts, and support clinical decisions through data interpretation (ANA, 2024).

Additionally, NIs enhance EHR and CDSS utilization through staff education. Resistance to technology among staff can be addressed via awareness sessions and targeted training. Security challenges can be mitigated with strong practices such as data encryption and regular audits (Shojaei et al., 2024). NIs also coordinate cross-functional teams to assess the readiness of new technologies, customize systems for usability, and troubleshoot inefficiencies. Through collaboration, they facilitate more accurate diagnoses, optimized resource allocation, and improved patient healing trajectories.

Summary of Recommendations and Justification for the NI Role

Nurse Informaticists (NIs) are essential in the responsible application of CDSS, promoting both clinical precision and operational safety. Research indicates that CDSS enhances diagnosis, supports complex decisions, and streamlines treatment pathways, ultimately improving care quality (Laraichi et al., 2024). NIs assist in navigating patient data, strengthening clinical reasoning, and supporting health teams in digital environments (Nashwan et al., 2025). They also safeguard patient data by implementing security protocols, including multifactor authentication and HIPAA compliance (Shojaei et al., 2024).

Moreover, NIs contribute to organizational efficiency by reducing unnecessary testing and minimizing clinical errors. For example, CDSS implementations have demonstrated substantial cost savings while maintaining high-quality standards (Lewkowicz et al., 2020). Overall, the NI role bridges technology and care delivery, making them indispensable for healthcare innovation.

Conclusion

Employing a Nurse Informaticist (NI) to oversee technological integration, particularly of CDSS, is a strategic approach to improving patient safety and workflow. NIs contribute to reducing medical errors, enhancing interprofessional collaboration, and supporting real-time, data-informed decisions. Their expertise facilitates the successful use of digital tools, enabling the organization to provide reliable, high-quality, and cost-effective care.

Table: Summary of Key Concepts

References

American Nurses Association. (2024). What is nursing informatics, and why is it so important? https://www.nursingworld.org/content-hub/resources/nursing-resources/nursing-informatics/

Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Nursing informatics. https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/nursing/nursing-informatics

Laraichi, O., Daim, T., Alzahrani, S., Hogaboam, L., Bolatan, G. I., & Moughari, M. M. (2024). Technology readiness assessment: Case of clinical decision support systems in healthcare. Technology in Society, 79, 102736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102736

Lewkowicz, D., Wohlbrandt, A., & Boettinger, E. (2020). Economic impact of clinical decision support interventions based on electronic health records. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1), 871. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05688-3

Lopez, K. D., Langford, L. H., Kennedy, R., McCormick, K., Delaney, C. W., Alexander, G., … & Monsen, K. A. (2023). Future advancement of healthcare through standardized nursing terminologies: Reflections from a Friends of the National Library of Medicine workshop honoring Virginia K. Saba. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 30(11), 1878–1884. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocad156

Mayo Clinic. (2024). Clinical decision support systems for personalized management of patients with acute kidney injury. https://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/pulmonary-medicine/news/clinical-decision-support-systems-for-personalized-management-of-patients-with-acute-kidney-injury/mac-20524049

Capella FPX 4045 Assessment 1

Nashwan, A. J., Cabrega, J. A., Othman, M. I., Khedr, M. A., Osman, Y. M., Ashry, A. M. E., … & Mousa, A. A. (2025). The evolving role of nursing informatics in the era of artificial intelligence. International Nursing Review, 72(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.13084

Shojaei, P., Gjorgievska, V. E., & Chow, Y.-W. (2024). Security and privacy of technologies in health information systems: A systematic literature review. Computers, 13(2), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13020041

Zhai, Y., Yu, Z., Zhang, Q., Qin, W., Yang, C., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Transition to a new nursing information system embedded with clinical decision support: A mixed-method study using the HOT-fit framework. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 22(1), 310. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-02041-y

NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 5

Name

Capella University

NURS-FPX4045 Nursing Informatics: Managing Health Information and Technology

Prof. Name

Date

NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 4 Informatics and Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators

Name

Capella University

NURS-FPX4045 Nursing Informatics: Managing Health Information and Technology

Prof. Name

Date

Informatics and Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators

Introduction to Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators

Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators (NSQIs) are vital metrics that reflect the impact of nursing care on patient outcomes. Initiated by the American Nurses Association (ANA) in 1998, the National Database of Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators (NDNQI) was created to standardize nursing assessments and benchmark performance (Alshammari et al., 2023). These indicators are categorized into three main types: structural, process, and outcome indicators. Structural indicators assess the resources and organizational elements such as staffing levels and nurse qualifications. Process indicators measure how well nursing interventions are implemented, especially protocols aimed at improving patient safety, such as fall prevention initiatives. Outcome indicators evaluate the results of nursing care, focusing on measurable health outcomes like pressure ulcers and patient falls.

Monitoring Falls with Injury in Acute Settings

Patient falls with injury are a critical outcome indicator, particularly in acute healthcare environments. Hospitals serving patients with various conditions must prioritize fall prevention to improve safety and recovery outcomes. Falls not only indicate safety failures but also offer insight into care system weaknesses (Ghosh et al., 2022). This indicator also serves as a process measure, as even minor falls reveal gaps in prevention strategies. Understanding the risk factors and root causes can enhance safety protocols and guide targeted interventions to reduce fall frequency and severity.

Falls can result in serious consequences, including fractures and traumatic brain injuries, which further increase the risk of future incidents. Effective fall prevention relies on comprehensive assessments and interventions such as using assistive devices, environmental modifications, and patient education (Ong et al., 2021). Additionally, reducing fall-related injuries helps lower medical costs and hospital stays. According to Dykes et al. (2023), hospital-based falls are among the most preventable yet costly incidents, with per-patient costs ranging from \$352 to over \$13,000.

Table: Types and Applications of Nursing-Sensitive Indicators

The Role of Nurses and Multidisciplinary Collaboration

Nurses are central to fall prevention efforts. Their responsibilities include assessing patient risk, executing prevention strategies, and meticulously documenting fall incidents. Proper documentation should detail cognitive status, physical impairments, and environmental contributors. This enables root cause analysis and evidence-based policy development (Alanazi et al., 2021). Nurses also utilize tools like the Morse Fall Scale and STRATIFY to evaluate risk and initiate targeted care plans. Data from falls and near misses are shared during unit safety briefings, ensuring real-time awareness and accountability.

The multidisciplinary team plays an equally important role. Nurses collaborate with quality assurance professionals, physical therapists, and administrators to maintain accurate records and improve patient care. Risk management coordinators analyze fall trends, while therapists help assess mobility and recommend supportive tools (Basic et al., 2021). This coordinated effort fosters a culture of safety and enhances hospital performance. Reporting structures, like electronic health records and incident tracking systems, ensure comprehensive data collection, which is then used to assess trends and refine safety protocols.

Evidence-Based Practice and Administrative Oversight

Evidence-based practice (EBP) strengthens the link between nursing-sensitive indicators and clinical improvements. In fall prevention, NSQIs guide the use of technologies like bed alarms, motion sensors, and fall-detection wearables to reduce risk. Real-time documentation through EHR systems also supports clinical decision-making. Risk stratification tools allow early identification of high-risk patients, enabling proactive interventions within the first 24 hours of hospital admission (Satoh et al., 2022). Flooring innovations, such as shock-absorbing materials, further reduce injury severity (O’Connor et al., 2022).

Administrators leverage this data to develop effective policies, enhance compliance with national benchmarks, and allocate resources more efficiently. By aligning fall prevention strategies with standards from agencies like The Joint Commission and CMS, institutions ensure accountability and continuous improvement. Financially, a decrease in fall-related injuries translates to reduced liability and operating costs, helping institutions maintain stability and enhance reputation (Takase, 2022).

Conclusion

Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators are instrumental in evaluating nursing care and improving patient outcomes. Patient falls with injury, in particular, serve as crucial benchmarks in acute care environments. By systematically gathering and analyzing fall-related data, healthcare facilities can identify risk factors, develop targeted interventions, and promote a safer care environment. Nurses, through collaborative, evidence-based, and technologically supported practices, are vital to advancing these safety efforts and driving healthcare excellence.

References

Alanazi, F. K., Sim, J., & Lapkin, S. (2021). Systematic review: Nurses’ safety attitudes and their impact on patient outcomes in acute‐care hospitals. Nursing Open, 9(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1063

Alshammari, F., Alshammari, A., & Ali, A. (2023). Enhancing patient care through the use of nursing-sensitive indicators. Journal of Nursing Management, 31(2), 150–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13785

Basic, D., Hartwell, J., & Gray, L. C. (2021). Integrating health data to prevent falls in hospitalized older adults: A multidisciplinary approach. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 458. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06366-6

Dykes, P. C., Duckworth, M., Cunningham, S., & Bates, D. W. (2023). Preventing falls in hospitalized patients: Implementation of a predictive model and decision support. The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 49(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjq.2022.09.005

Ghosh, M., Romero, E., & Thomas, M. (2022). Fall prevention strategies in acute care settings: A quality improvement review. Healthcare, 10(3), 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030456

Gormley, D. K., Dehlinger, J., & Diaz, J. A. (2024). Promoting a culture of safety: Teaching novice nurses about quality indicators. Nurse Educator Today, 125, 105876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2024.105876

Hassan, S., Kwon, J., & Lee, Y. (2023). Smart technologies in fall prevention: A review of evidence-based practices. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 139, 104452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2023.104452

NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 4 Informatics and Nursing-Sensitive Quality Indicators

O’Connor, M., Rouse, R., & Peters, K. (2022). Reducing fall injuries through environmental design: Hospital flooring innovations. Journal of Patient Safety, 18(1), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0000000000000791

Ong, H. L., Toh, K. Y., & Teo, K. K. (2021). Strategies for preventing falls in hospitalized adults: A systematic review. Nursing Clinics, 56(3), 379–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2021.05.004

Satoh, T., Nakamura, M., & Iwasaki, T. (2022). Risk stratification and targeted intervention for hospital falls: Evaluation of a fall prevention protocol. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 31(19-20), 2731–2742. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16229

Takase, M. (2022). The role of hospital administration in fall prevention: A policy-focused perspective. Health Policy and Management, 47(2), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpman.2022.01.005

NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 3 Technology in Nursing

Name

Capella University

NURS-FPX4045 Nursing Informatics: Managing Health Information and Technology

Prof. Name

Date

Technology in Nursing

Introduction to the Selected Technology Topic

Telehealth videoconferencing systems were selected due to their transformative potential in modern healthcare. These systems improve patient access to care, particularly in rural or underserved regions, while enhancing quality outcomes and promoting patient safety. In today’s evolving healthcare environment, where remote services are increasingly demanded, videoconferencing serves as a critical solution to reduce care delivery barriers and support patient-centered models.

What makes this technology especially compelling is its capacity to facilitate real-time communication between patients and providers. This fosters continuity of care and significantly reduces the rate of hospital readmissions. To explore the breadth and effectiveness of this technology, databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, and ScienceDirect were utilized. Specific search terms included “telehealth videoconferencing in nursing,” “videoconferencing system and patient safety,” and “telehealth technology in quality care.” These guided the selection of peer-reviewed studies that demonstrate the technology’s benefits and challenges in nursing practice.

Annotated Sources

Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Recommendations

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly enhance telehealth videoconferencing systems by streamlining both patient care and nursing workflows. AI-powered tools, such as predictive analytics and smart triage systems, can evaluate patient data in real time to prioritize care delivery. For instance, AI-driven captioning improves accessibility by offering real-time subtitles during video consultations, which is especially helpful for hearing-impaired patients (Burrell, 2023). Predictive models can also monitor patient health trends to flag early warning signs, reducing readmissions.

Tenfelde et al. (2023) emphasized that patient satisfaction heavily depends on minimizing technical glitches and maintaining clear communication. AI can improve video quality, troubleshoot disruptions, and even facilitate communication through virtual assistants. Additionally, AI chatbots integrated into VC platforms support nurses by handling routine patient interactions, medication reminders, and basic inquiries, allowing more time for direct patient care.

The collective findings from these publications suggest that videoconferencing in healthcare not only enhances access, safety, and quality but also reinforces interdisciplinary teamwork. It promotes timely interventions and reduces travel-related burdens, especially for vulnerable populations. However, cybersecurity risks, training gaps, and barriers to therapeutic rapport must be managed effectively (Cubo et al., 2021). Organizational factors—such as leadership support, staff education, and infrastructure—determine the success of telehealth adoption (Payne & Clarke, 2023).

Justifying the widespread implementation of videoconferencing is supported by consistent findings of improved patient outcomes, increased provider efficiency, and higher satisfaction among both patients and healthcare professionals. When paired with AI, videoconferencing further eases the burden on healthcare systems, promotes innovation, and empowers staff to provide more effective and patient-centered care.

References

Ådnanes, M., Kaasbøll, J., Kaspersen, S. L., & Krane, V. (2024). Videoconferencing in mental health services for children and adolescents receiving child welfare services: A scoping review. BMC Health Services Research, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11157-y

Burrell, D. N. (2023). Dynamic evaluation approaches to telehealth technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) telemedicine applications in healthcare and biotechnology organizations. Merits, 3(4), 700–721. https://doi.org/10.3390/merits3040042

NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 3 Technology in Nursing

Cubo, E., Arnaiz-Rodriguez, A., Arnaiz-González, Á., Díez-Pastor, J.-F., Spindler, M., Cardozo, A., Garcia-Bustillo, A., Mari, Z., & Bloem, B. R. (2021). Videoconferencing software options for telemedicine: A review for movement disorder neurologists. Frontiers in Neurology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.745917

Newbould, L., Ariss, S., Mountain, G., & Hawley, M. S. (2021). Exploring factors that affect the uptake and sustainability of videoconferencing for healthcare provision for older adults in care homes: A realist evaluation. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01372-y

Payne, R., & Clarke, A. (2023). How and why are video consultations used in urgent primary care settings in the UK? A focus group study. BJGP Open, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpo.2023.0025

Tenfelde, K., Bol, N., Schoonman, G., Erik, J., & Antheunis, M. L. (2023). Exploring the impact of patient, physician and technology factors on patient video consultation satisfaction. Digital Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076231203887

NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 2 Protected Health Information

Name

Capella University

NURS-FPX4045 Nursing Informatics: Managing Health Information and Technology

Prof. Name

Date

Staff Update: Protecting Patient Privacy on Social Media

Protected Health Information (PHI)

Protected Health Information (PHI) encompasses any patient data or identifiable health information that relates to an individual’s physical or mental health, provision of care, or payment details. Examples of PHI include patient names, residential addresses, birth dates, health assessments, prescribed treatments, medications, and insurance-related information (Pool et al., 2024). The appropriate handling of PHI is crucial in telehealth environments to maintain patient trust and ensure adherence to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).

HIPAA was established to uphold the confidentiality and security of PHI in the United States (Lindsey et al., 2025). It prohibits the unauthorized disclosure of PHI and grants patients the legal right to manage their data, including who can access and share it. HIPAA enforces several rules to guarantee PHI security during telehealth activities. The Security Rule ensures that electronic health information (EHI) is protected from cyber threats and unauthorized access. For instance, using unencrypted platforms can expose PHI to hackers. The Privacy Rule limits data sharing without patient consent and ensures patient control over disclosure (Alder, 2025). An example would be conducting a telehealth session in a public area where sensitive discussions could be overheard. The Confidentiality Rule protects the exchange of PHI, requiring secure transmission channels. Using social media to transmit PHI would violate this rule and pose significant risks.

Importance of Interdisciplinary Collaboration

Maintaining EHI security during telehealth services depends on strong interdisciplinary collaboration. Medical personnel, administrators, IT professionals, and data security staff must work together to establish and sustain robust privacy and security protocols. Each discipline contributes a unique skill set to enhance patient data protection and reduce cyber vulnerabilities (Pool et al., 2023). For example, clinical staff participate in cybersecurity training and follow best practices such as password protection, data encryption, and secure channel use. Administrative personnel set safety policies and allocate resources to support data protection infrastructure. Security teams conduct routine audits to detect and prevent unauthorized data access, while IT experts deploy firewalls and encryption tools to guard digital health communications. Organizations like the Cleveland Clinic implement a holistic strategy involving all departments to strengthen PHI protection (Cleveland Clinic, 2023).

Social Media Risks and Best Practices

Healthcare professionals should avoid sharing any PHI-related content, including images or discussions about care, on social media platforms. Nurses and other staff members face serious consequences such as job termination, license revocation, legal penalties, and imprisonment for HIPAA violations via social media (Moore & Frye, 2020). Real-life examples of violations include a nurse assistant who was fired in 2016 for sharing an inappropriate video of a patient on Snapchat, and a dental professional fined \$10,000 for disclosing PHI on a public review site. In another case, a nurse was jailed for uploading a patient’s video online (Alder, 2025). Institutions like Green Ridge Behavioral Healthcare have been fined heavily for mishandling PHI.

To avoid such consequences, staff should refrain from sharing medical information, sending friend requests to patients, discussing work-related incidents publicly, or accessing social media during work hours. Reporting any observed data breaches is essential. Secure practices during telehealth include implementing encrypted systems like Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), as utilized by the Mayo Clinic (Mayo Clinic, 2024). Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital conduct frequent audits and review policies to ensure HIPAA compliance (MGH, n.d.). Regular staff training programs, along with formal social media use policies, are vital strategies to prevent misuse. Additionally, establishing fast-response mechanisms for breaches can limit the extent of damage and foster timely corrective action.

Table: Key Areas of PHI Protection in Telehealth

References

Alder, S. (2023). HIPAA and social media rules – Updated for 2023. The HIPAA Journal. https://www.hipaajournal.com/hipaa-social-media/

Alder, S. (2023). HIPAA privacy rule – Updated for 2023. The HIPAA Journal. https://www.hipaajournal.com/hipaa-privacy-rule/#:~:text=The%20HIPAA%20Rules%20are%20the,and%20availability%20of%20healthcare%20covered

Cleveland Clinic. (2023). Holistic, multidisciplinary approach protects patient data and privacy. ClevelandClinic.org. https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/holistic-multidisciplinary-approach-protects-patient-data-and-privacy/

Lindsey, D., Sniker, R., Travers, C., Budhwani, H., Richardson, M., Quisney, R., & Shukla, V. V. (2023). When HIPAA hurts: Legal barriers to texting may reinforce healthcare disparities and disenfranchise vulnerable patients. Journal of Perinatology, 45(2), 278–281. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-024-00805-5

Mayo Clinic. (2024). Privacy policy. MayoClinic.org. https://www.mayoclinic.org/about-this-site/privacy-policy

NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 2 Protected Health Information

MGH. (n.d.). Protect our patients’ privacy. Massachusetts General Hospital. https://www.massgeneral.org/assets/MGH/pdf/research/mgh-privacy-presentation.pdf

Moore, W., & Frye, S. (2020). Review of HIPAA, part 2: Infractions, rights, violations, and role for the imaging technologist. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology, 48(1), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.119.227827

Pool, J., Akhlaghpour, S., Fatehi, F., & Burton-Jones, A. (2023). A systematic analysis of failures in protecting personal health data: A scoping review. International Journal of Information Management, 74, 102719–102719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102719

NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 1 Nursing Informatics in Health Care

Name

Capella University

NURS-FPX4045 Nursing Informatics: Managing Health Information and Technology

Prof. Name

Date

The Role of Nursing Informatics and Nurse Informaticists in Healthcare

Nursing Informatics (NI) plays an essential role in improving healthcare quality through the strategic use of technology. Tools like Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are implemented to optimize care delivery, reduce errors, and increase patient satisfaction by offering real-time guidance to clinicians (Laraichi et al., 2024). These systems aid healthcare providers in decision-making, improving diagnostic accuracy and enabling data-driven treatment plans.

A Nurse Informaticist is a qualified professional who merges clinical nursing knowledge with information technology expertise. Their responsibilities include overseeing clinical innovations, training staff on new systems, and ensuring effective implementation of digital tools such as CDSS and Electronic Health Records (EHR) (Nashwan et al., 2025). Historical figures like Dr. Virginia Saba, who developed the Clinical Care Classification (CCC) system, exemplify the impact that dedicated NI professionals have had on record-keeping and clinical accuracy (Lopez et al., 2023). These professionals are instrumental in shaping the framework for clinical technology use in hospital environments.

Leading healthcare institutions in the U.S., including the Cleveland Clinic and Mayo Clinic, have integrated NI into their organizational frameworks. These institutions use informatics to personalize care, particularly for complex conditions like Acute Kidney Injury, using predictive features within CDSS (Mayo Clinic, 2024). Such integration highlights the value of NI as a bridge between technological tools and patient-centric outcomes, enhancing safety and efficiency in healthcare systems.

Impact and Implementation of Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS)

Integrating CDSS into clinical practice facilitates evidence-based decision-making, streamlines diagnostics, and reduces the workload for healthcare providers. Nurse Informaticists collaborate with interdisciplinary teams to ensure that these tools meet clinical requirements while enhancing workflow effectiveness (ANA, 2024). By aligning CDSS with EHR platforms, NIs enable seamless access to patient data, improving responsiveness and care quality.

Full engagement of nurses in the development and deployment of clinical technologies like CDSS results in improved accuracy and cost savings. For instance, implementing CDSS at scale can eliminate redundant procedures—such as duplicate Vitamin D testing—resulting in financial benefits like annual savings of \$300,000 (Lewkowicz et al., 2020). NI professionals also safeguard data integrity through HIPAA-compliant measures like multi-factor authentication, encryption, and routine audits (Shojaei et al., 2024).

Moreover, NI ensures the secure and ethical use of health data, educating staff on best practices to protect patient privacy. With increased training in data security, healthcare teams can foster compliance, minimize breaches, and uphold the integrity of clinical operations. These practices underscore the NI’s dual role in optimizing healthcare outcomes while safeguarding patient information.

Opportunities, Challenges, and Strategic Justifications

While implementing advanced clinical tools presents challenges—such as resistance to change or lack of staff training—NIs offer valuable solutions. Their role includes training clinical teams, ensuring smooth system adoption, and customizing CDSS features to clinical needs (ANA, 2024). Strategic collaboration between IT specialists and NIs fosters systems that are both technically robust and user-friendly.

NI professionals play a pivotal part in improving care quality through real-time alerts and advanced analytics, thus reducing medical errors and guiding clinicians with up-to-date insights (Laraichi et al., 2024). Addressing implementation hurdles with targeted training and robust cybersecurity frameworks ensures long-term efficacy and staff confidence. According to Zhai et al. (2022), nurse involvement at every stage of tool implementation is critical for maximizing utility and acceptance.

From a strategic standpoint, the inclusion of an NI leads to increased ROI, reduced errors, and greater patient satisfaction. Recommendations to Human Resources (HR) and the Chief Nursing Officer (CNO) emphasize hiring Nurse Informaticists to manage and optimize CDSS systems. This approach ensures that organizations meet safety guidelines while also fostering innovation and delivering measurable improvements in healthcare delivery.

Summary Table: Nursing Informatics Integration

References

American Nurses Association. (2024). What is nursing informatics and why is it so important. https://www.nursingworld.org/content-hub/resources/nursing-resources/nursing-informatics/

Cleveland Clinic. (2024). Nursing informatics. https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/nursing/nursing-informatics

Laraichi, O., Daim, T., Alzahrani, S., Hogaboam, L., Bolatan, G. I., & Moughari, M. M. (2024). Technology readiness assessment: Case of clinical decision support systems in healthcare. Technology in Society, 79, 102736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102736

Lewkowicz, D., Wohlbrandt, A., & Boettinger, E. (2020). Economic impact of clinical decision support interventions based on electronic health records. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1), 871. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05688-3

Lopez, K. D., Langford, L. H., Kennedy, R., McCormick, K., Delaney, C. W., Alexander, G., Englebright, J., Carroll, W. M., & Monsen, K. A. (2023). Future advancement of health care through standardized nursing terminologies: Reflections from a friends of the National Library of Medicine workshop honoring Virginia K. Saba. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 30(11), 1878–1884.

Mayo Clinic. (2024). Clinical decision support for Acute Kidney Injury. https://www.mayoclinic.org

NURS FPX 4045 Assessment 1 Nursing Informatics in Health Care

Nashwan, A. J., Abujaber, A. A., & Mohamed, A. S. (2025). Integration of nursing informatics into clinical practice: Future trends and challenges. Journal of Nursing Science and Practice, 12(1), 45–53.

Shojaei, M., Tabatabaei, R. S., & Khanjani, N. (2024). Ensuring patient data privacy and confidentiality in electronic health record systems: A review of best practices. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 177, 105043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2024.105043

Zhai, Y., Zhu, R., & Jiang, X. (2022). Nurses’ roles in developing clinical decision support systems: A systematic review. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 130, 104100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2022.104100