POLI 330N Cover Letter – Week 7 Assignment: Final Project – Policy Issue

Name

Chamberlain University

POLI-330: Political Science

Prof. Name

Date

Kimberly Morton

New York City, New York
‪(347) 582-7284‬
morton516@gmail.com

April 13, 2021

Crystal Lake Office

333 Commerce Drive
Suite 700
Crystal Lake, IL 60014

Dear [Recipient Name],

It is with great responsibility and enthusiasm that I submit my research on the current issues negatively impacting telehealth services and the healthcare professionals who provide them. My aim is to draft and propose policies that can address these challenges. As a dedicated research student, I assure you that the recommendations I offer will be crucial in shaping future telehealth policies, and I am eager to collaborate with your office to achieve the shared goals for improving telehealth services.

With the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbating problems in healthcare services, such as restricted access, increasing costs, and elevated mortality rates, expanding telehealth services is essential. Healthcare organizations and professionals must enhance these services to address these ongoing issues. Telehealth contributes to improved care quality, increased patient and nurse satisfaction, better access to healthcare, and greater equity in care. Additionally, it promotes the use of advanced technology and aids in reducing healthcare costs, hospital readmissions, unnecessary ER visits, and mortality rates.

However, current policies present various challenges. These include restricted healthcare services and facilities, ambiguous guidelines regarding the use of audio and video technologies, difficulties in obtaining licenses, and barriers to making telehealth a permanent fixture in the healthcare system. I look forward to discussing these issues with you and collaborating to overcome the barriers that stand in the way of making telehealth a permanent and effective healthcare service. Thank you for your time and consideration.

Sincerely,

Kimberly Morton

Table: Key Telehealth Issues and Proposed Solutions

References

• American Psychological Association. (2020). Telehealth policy and practice. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org

POLI 330N Cover Letter – Week 7 Assignment: Final Project – Policy Issue

POLI 330N Week 7 Assignment: Final Project – Policy Issue

Name

Chamberlain University

POLI-330: Political Science

Prof. Name

Date

Concern or Problem – Telehealth Policy

The COVID-19 pandemic revealed critical infrastructure issues, care discrepancies, inadequate disaster or emergency management, and inherent problems within current healthcare systems (Chao et al., 2021). As patients suffering from various conditions were unable to access healthcare services, healthcare providers, including nurses, struggled to deliver quality care. This included home-based care, hospice care, community-based care, and effective hospital care (Johnston et al., 2021). Although telehealth services offered some relief, the policies governing these services come with their own set of challenges (Shaw et al., 2020). This policy paper aims to analyze telehealth policy issues and propose an action plan with recommendations to Congress members, stressing the importance and relevance of these policies in lobbying for necessary changes.

Defining the Problem, Identifying Its Importance, and Urgency

Despite the capacity to deliver telehealth services, the United States has not yet made these services permanent (Shrank et al., 2021). Although the COVID-19 pandemic caused a surge in telehealth usage, rising to over 9 million users, these services are largely viewed as temporary measures prompted by the crisis. For example, the number of telehealth beneficiaries rose from 1.7 million users per week to 13,000 users after the pandemic (Shaw et al., 2020). Patients have shown a willingness to continue using telehealth services, but there is no current policy to make this option permanent.

The importance of this issue is clear. Failing to address it would result in a larger number of patients being unable to access healthcare, especially in rural or remote areas, where 42% of patients are already struggling to receive proper care (Wegermann et al., 2021). This percentage is likely to increase due to the delayed implementation of necessary IT infrastructure to support telehealth services. Furthermore, restricted healthcare access leads to higher mortality rates. One study noted that the inability to access care resulted in 42,985 cases and 1,062 deaths related to opioid disorder in rural areas of North Carolina between March and June 2020 (Hughes et al., 2021). This study also highlighted a peak in telehealth visits in May, followed by a sharp decline, which in turn caused increased healthcare complications (Hughes et al., 2021).

POLI 330N Week 7 Assignment: Final Project – Policy Issue

In addition, the non-permanent nature of telehealth services meant that healthcare providers and organizations faced difficulties obtaining licenses, mainly due to strict restrictions imposed by Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) (Shrank et al., 2021). Other issues, such as network problems, unavailability of high-speed internet, and video quality, further hindered telehealth service delivery (Johnston et al., 2021). In such cases, audio-only services should have been used, but current policies lack clarity on this front.

This is crucial because restricting telehealth to video-only services exacerbates healthcare inaccessibility, leading to increased mortality, higher healthcare costs, and hospital readmissions. A study on the FamTechCare intervention, which utilized both audio and video services, found that it reduced healthcare costs to $6.9 per dyad/week compared to video-based care, which cost $48.43 (Shaw et al., 2020). Given the impacts on healthcare access, service costs, and health outcomes, addressing this issue is both important and urgent.

Analyzing the Problem

The central issue in making telehealth services a permanent solution involves challenges such as limited healthcare access, high costs, inadequate policies for video and audio services, telehealth license accreditation difficulties, and overall healthcare expenses.

Wegermann et al. (2021) found that 42% of Hispanic patients and 41% of other patients faced significant barriers to accessing healthcare. Furthermore, of 13,628 appointment attempts, 3,771 were either canceled or rescheduled, indicating a demand for healthcare services that was not met. This emphasizes the importance of permanently implementing telehealth services to ensure equitable access to healthcare. Additionally, telehealth should include both video and audio services, depending on patient needs, to lower overall costs.

Gajarawala and Pelkowski (2021) discussed the regulatory and legal challenges of telehealth, noting that over 30% of healthcare providers struggled to obtain timely licenses. Many organizations were unable to fully implement telehealth services, resulting in delayed care, increased mortality, and worsening health outcomes. To address this, lifting some restrictions on FQHCs and easing licensure requirements would be beneficial.

POLI 330N Week 7 Assignment: Final Project – Policy Issue

Healthcare costs in the U.S. are another major concern. The country currently has 8.95 million uninsured individuals, a number expected to rise to 37.2 million by 2028 (Shrank et al., 2021). The telemedicine market is projected to surpass $185 billion by 2026, and with healthcare costs rising by 5.5% annually, telehealth services offer a viable way to reduce these expenses (Fortune, 2021). For instance, healthcare professionals reported saving $19 to $21 per telemedicine visit (Fortune, 2021).

A report from United Health Group indicated that 67% of emergency room (ER) visits could be avoided, which could save the healthcare system $32 billion annually (UHG, 2021). These potential savings, along with reduced use of hospital resources, lower transportation costs, fewer errors by healthcare professionals, and fewer hospital visits, underscore the importance of telehealth in reducing healthcare costs.

Target Members of Congress for Lobbying

To effectively lobby for a telehealth policy, I would recommend approaching Congress members Lauren Underwood, Cheri Bustos, Doris Matsui, and Mike Thompson. Lauren Underwood, a registered nurse, understands the importance of telehealth in improving healthcare access and addressing stakeholder challenges. Her active involvement in health policy advocacy, including affordable and accessible care, makes her an ideal candidate for supporting this initiative (Underwood, 2021; Wicklund, 2021).

Cheri Bustos, a healthcare executive representing D-IL 17th District, has expressed strong support for telehealth services through her podcasts and voting record, including her support for the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2020 (Bustos, 2021). Rep. Doris Matsui and Rep. Brett Guthrie have also been vocal proponents of modernizing telehealth policies and expanding services by advocating for the removal of Medicare restrictions, making them valuable allies in this effort (Jercich, 2021).

Recommendations for Solving the Problem

To address the issues surrounding telehealth services, I propose the following four policy changes:

1. Establish a permanent telehealth policy to ensure continued access to healthcare services post-pandemic, with a particular focus on rural and remote areas.
2. Permanently lift FQHC restrictions to enable more healthcare facilities to offer telehealth services, while ensuring adherence to best practice protocols.
3. Grant permanent telehealth licenses to clinical practitioners, including psychiatrists, nutritionists, occupational therapists, speech pathologists, and physical therapists.
4. Allow the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to grant case-based and priority-based policy relaxations. This policy should include both video and audio telehealth services, as well as Medicaid and subsidies to increase access and reduce healthcare costs.

References

Buston, C. (2021). Bustos helps pass $8.3 billion coronavirus funding package – congresswoman Cheri Bustos. Congresswoman Cheri Bustos. https://bustos.house.gov/bustos-helps-pass-8-3-billion-coronavirus-funding-package/.

Chao, G., Li, K., Zhu, Z., McCullough, J., Thompson, M., & Claflin, J. et al. (2021). Use of telehealth by surgical specialties during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0979

Fortune. (2021). Telemedicine market size, share, growth & trends [2020-2027]. Fortunebusinessinsights.com. https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/telemedicine-market-101067.

Gajarawala, S., & Pelkowski, J. (2021). Telehealth benefits and barriers. The Journal For Nurse Practitioners, 17(2), 218-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.09.013

Hughes, P., Verrastro, G., Fusco, C., Wilson, C., & Ostrach, B. (2021). An examination of telehealth policy impacts on initial rural opioid use disorder treatment patterns during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The Journal Of Rural Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12570

POLI 330N Week 7 Assignment: Final Project – Policy Issue

Jercich, K. (2021). In telehealth hearing, House committee weighs access against cost. Healthcare IT News. https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/telehealth-hearing-house-committee-weighs-access-against-cost.

Johnston, R., Kobb, R., Marty, C., & McVeigh, P. (2021). VA video telehealth and training programs during the COVID-19 response. Telehealth And Medicine Today. https://doi.org/10.30953/tmt.v6.241

Shrank, W., DeParle, N., Gottlieb, S., Jain, S., Orszag, P., Powers, B., & Wilensky, G. (2021). Health costs and financing: challenges and strategies for a new administration. Health Affairs, 40(2), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01560

POLI 330N Week 6 Assignment: Current Event – Free and Fair Trade or Budgetary Issue

Name

Chamberlain University

POLI-330: Political Science

Prof. Name

Date

Free and Fair Trade

Free and fair trade are two critical mechanisms for maintaining sustainable trade relationships between countries. However, trade wars and hostilities between trading partners can lead to significant issues such as rising costs, strained relationships, labor disputes, and broader economic challenges. This paper aims to review a recent article on free and fair trade between two countries, analyze the core trading issues, assess the impact on the global community, and evaluate the credibility of the source.

Article Overview

The article, “Whisky Redemption: Biden Administration Lifts Hated Tariffs on Scotland’s Most Famous Export,” was selected for this analysis. This article addresses both a trade war issue and the Airbus subsidy dispute, demonstrating the broader effects of free and fair trade on global commerce. By highlighting these two significant concerns, the article provides a comprehensive examination of the current trade dynamics between the United States and the European Union.

Summary of the Article

A 17-year trade dispute between the United States and the United Kingdom centered around claims that the World Trade Organization (WTO) allowed illegal subsidies for Airbus and Boeing manufacturers. This resulted in billions of dollars in punitive tariffs, with both countries accusing each other of unfair trade practices. The conflict escalated when the U.S. imposed significant tariffs on various goods, including single-malt whisky, while the U.K. faced retaliatory tariffs. The Biden administration eventually suspended these tariffs, a gesture intended to alleviate economic tensions and restore healthy trade relations (Croft, 2021).

The dispute extended beyond just the U.S. and the U.K., involving several European Union countries. Products unrelated to the aerospace industry, such as Italian cheese, Scottish and Irish whiskey, and French wine, were subject to unfair tariffs, exacerbating the trade conflict. After the U.K. left the EU, it suspended retaliatory tariffs in an effort to negotiate a settlement. This action, coupled with the U.S. suspension of punitive tariffs, sought to resolve the long-standing conflict and restore fair trade practices (Croft, 2021).

Analysis of the Issue

In 2004, the United States accused the European Union of providing illegal subsidies to Airbus, which it claimed resulted in an unfair economic advantage worth over $200 billion. In response, the European Union acknowledged subsidies but estimated the amount at only $23 billion, specifically for research and development. The disagreement led to several legal cases in the WTO, with both sides imposing punitive tariffs on one another. The U.S. levied $7.6 billion in tariffs on EU goods, while the EU responded with $4 billion in duties.

This trade war had significant global implications, particularly on goods like cheese, whiskey, olives, and other staple items, leading to increased prices and diminished trade. The broader economic impact included reduced business activity and slower economic growth, affecting global markets and industries reliant on transatlantic trade (Bie, 2021).

Importance to the Global Community

The trade war between the U.S. and the EU holds significant consequences for the global market. Goods unrelated to the aerospace sector became embroiled in the conflict, leading to increased prices and market disruptions. Both the U.S. and EU countries suffered economically, with the U.S. being a crucial market for many European industries. Increased tariffs hindered trade, exacerbating the economic strain already caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Additionally, the trade war negatively affected farmers and producers worldwide, especially those whose businesses rely on transatlantic trade. As key players in the global market, the U.S. and EU’s trade disputes influence supply chains and economic stability across the globe. With global trade already strained due to the pandemic, continued tariffs could further impact businesses, jobs, and the supply-demand chain, turning this into a critical global issue (Croft, 2021).

Credibility of the Source

The article in question was published by Fortune, a reputable global media organization that focuses on international business and economic issues. The source is highly credible, as the article presents a neutral perspective, supported by factual reporting and interviews with key stakeholders. The author refrains from offering personal opinions, instead using direct quotes from global leaders and representatives from both sides of the conflict. As a mainstream news outlet, Fortune is considered a trustworthy source of information for this analysis.

Personal Opinion

In my view, the suspension of tariffs is a necessary and beneficial move, especially considering the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The suspension will likely lead to an increase in trade, lower prices for goods, and improved diplomatic relations between the affected countries. Furthermore, as businesses recover from the pandemic, the removal of tariffs may lead to job creation and overall economic growth. Tariffs often force companies to cut costs by underpaying workers or engaging in unethical practices, so reducing or eliminating tariffs can lead to fairer trade practices (Wittig, 2021). By fostering more equitable trade policies, both the U.S. and the EU can promote long-term economic stability.

References

Bie, P. (2021). Global trade war: Impact on the economy and business. World Economic Forum.

Croft, J. (2021). Whisky redemption: Biden administration lifts hated tariffs on Scotland’s most famous export. Fortune.

Janes, M. (2021). Trade tariffs and their effect on businesses. The Economist.

POLI 330N Week 6 Assignment: Current Event – Free and Fair Trade or Budgetary Issue

Wittig, T. (2021). The future of free trade post-COVID-19. Global Business Review.

POLI 330N Week 5 Assignment: Current Event – Totalitarian Restrictions or Ethnic Conflict

Name

Chamberlain University

POLI-330: Political Science

Prof. Name

Date

Current Event – Totalitarian Restrictions or Ethnic Conflict

The article titled “Three years later: Rohingya Muslims continue to face persecution and are torn apart from their homes” has been selected for analysis. The objective of this paper is to provide a summary of the article, assess the global significance of the issue, explore the role of external influence, and evaluate the article’s credibility. Myanmar, a country with a long history of persecuting minorities and enduring authoritarian rule, continues to commit crimes against humanity. The nation’s Buddhist-majority population stands in contrast to its minority groups, including Christians and Muslims. Among these, the Rohingyas, a Muslim minority, are considered foreign residents by Myanmar’s government and military.

Summary of the Article

The article addresses both the ethnic conflict and authoritarian governance in Myanmar, emphasizing the impact of international laws, such as Article 21, on the lives of Rohingya refugees. The Rohingya are depicted as one of the most persecuted ethnic groups globally, identified as the largest population of stateless individuals. They lack basic rights and are denied citizenship. In 2017, thousands of Rohingyas fled Myanmar, either by sea or on foot. The United Nations’ High Commissioner for Human Rights labeled the violence against them as “a textbook example of ethnic cleansing.” Myanmar’s government not only stripped them of citizenship but also destroyed their livelihoods (Parthasarathy, 2021).

Following their exodus, the Indian government ordered state-level surveys under the Foreigners Act to provide identity cards and establish refugee camps. However, political complications arose, and the Indian Union Minister asserted that India is not bound by the Refugee Act, signaling an intention to deport illegal immigrants. This sparked multiple Supreme Court cases in which petitioners cited the principle of non-refoulement and constitutional articles, such as Articles 14, 32, and 21, as well as international legal protections like the 1948 Genocide Convention (Parthasarathy, 2021).

POLI 330N Week 5 Assignment: Current Event – Totalitarian Restrictions or Ethnic Conflict

Myanmar’s 1982 Citizenship Law restricted citizenship to those who could prove Burmese ancestry before 1823. Despite having lived in Myanmar for generations, the Rohingyas were classified as foreigners. In 2015, they were disenfranchised from the electoral process, and Muslim and Christian representatives were removed from government positions (Parthasarathy, 2021). The article explains India’s stance that it is not obligated by refugee law, while applicants contested this using international conventions against discrimination.

The author questions how far the Indian Supreme Court can push the government to adhere to international law, especially the principle of non-refoulement, which they argue is embedded in Article 21. The article also highlights the military coup in Myanmar on February 1, which resulted in the deaths of hundreds of civilians and increased international attention on the country’s military regime. Rohingyas, even without citizenship, are protected under Article 21 (Parthasarathy, 2021).

Importance of the Issue to the Global Community

The Rohingya crisis has significant implications for neighboring countries, such as Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and China, as the refugee issue extends beyond Myanmar’s borders. More than 70,000 Rohingyas have fled, exacerbating tensions in the region. The situation worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic, as Rohingyas lacked resources to sustain themselves (Sikandar, 2021). Additionally, the international community must confront the violent campaigns led by Myanmar’s military generals, such as Than Shwe, which resulted in the deaths of over 24,000 people and the destruction of hundreds of villages. The military coup, led by Min Aung Hlaing, saw the detainment of Aung San Suu Kyi, a Nobel Peace Prize winner, and further escalated concerns about global peace and the use of military force against civilians. The involvement of China’s Pauk-Phaw has also heightened tensions, making this issue a global concern (MadrasCourier, 2021).

External Influence to Address the Issue

International leaders should take immediate steps to provide humanitarian assistance by working with neighboring countries to secure basic human rights and create refugee camps for the Rohingyas, adhering to international refugee and genocide laws (MadrasCourier, 2021). Furthermore, military intervention should be considered to halt Myanmar’s military operations in the Rakhine State, as the genocide bears similarities to the Hutu-Tutsi ethnic conflict in Rwanda (Finn, 2021). Imposing trade sanctions and diplomatic efforts to encourage elections and the establishment of a democratic government are also critical steps in resolving the issue.

The Neutrality of the Article

The article is largely neutral, as the author presents facts and highlights both domestic and international laws through various case studies. While the author expresses concern for the plight of the Rohingyas, advocating for their basic rights does not detract from the objectivity of the analysis. The publication, Live Law, is well-respected for covering legal and international affairs, and the author is a reputable lawyer from Madras with expertise in both domestic and international law, further enhancing the article’s credibility.

References

Finn, T. (2021). ‘It shames us all’: Rwandan genocide survivor says Myanmar persecution a repeat of history. Reuters. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-genocide-myanmar-idUSKCN1U61U9.

MadrasCourier. (2021). Myanmar’s generals should be tried for crimes against humanity. Madras Courier. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from https://madrascourier.com/opinion/myanmars-generals-should-be-tried-for-crimes-against-humanity/.

Parthasarathy, S. (2021). Article 21 in a time of genocide: the Rohingya case before the supreme court. Live Law. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from https://www.livelaw.in/columns/article-21-genocide-rohingya-case-supreme-court-171896.

POLI 330N Week 5 Assignment: Current Event – Totalitarian Restrictions or Ethnic Conflict

Sikandar, R. (2021). Three years later: Rohingya Muslims continue to face persecution and are torn apart from their homes. The Gateway. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from https://thegatewayonline.ca/2021/04/three-years-later-rohingya-muslims-continue-to-face-persecution-and-are-torn-apart-from-their-homes/.

POLI 330N Week 4 Assignment: Electoral College – Good or Bad?

Name

Chamberlain University

POLI-330: Political Science

Prof. Name

Date

Electoral College: Good or Bad?

Purpose of the Electoral College

The Electoral College was established with the aim of balancing the vote distribution among states in the presidential election process. Contrary to popular belief, the president is not elected by a nationwide popular vote. Instead, electors pledge their support to specific candidates and cast their votes based on the election outcome in their state. Most states follow the “winner-takes-all” approach, where the candidate who wins the majority of votes in that state claims all of its electoral votes. However, two exceptions exist: Maine and Nebraska, where the electoral votes are distributed proportionally.

Presidential Election of 2000: Background

The 2000 presidential election occurred on November 7, 2000, as Bill Clinton, the incumbent president, was finishing his term. A total of ten candidates were involved in this highly contested election. The Electoral College consisted of 538 members, with 270 being the necessary majority to win. However, the election became controversial due to issues like “hanging chads” and confusing butterfly ballots, which complicated the final vote tally and led to debates over the validity of the results.

Presidential Election of 2000: Results

In the 2000 election, the popular vote leaned toward Al Gore, who secured 50,996,039 votes, while George W. Bush garnered 50,456,141 votes. However, in the Electoral College, Bush received 271 votes, surpassing the 270 required to win, whereas Gore received 267 electoral votes. This discrepancy between the popular and electoral votes sparked debates on the effectiveness and fairness of the Electoral College system.

Why the Debate?

Issues Raised by the 2016 Election

The 2016 presidential election once again raised concerns about the Electoral College’s relevance and fairness. Questions emerged regarding whether this method of electing the president remains just in contemporary times. The debate centers on whether the Electoral College is still a pragmatic approach or if it undermines the will of the people, as it occasionally produces outcomes that contradict the popular vote.

Criticisms of the Electoral College

Several issues contribute to criticisms of the Electoral College. Some argue that the system is outdated and disproportionately benefits certain states, particularly swing states, which hold more influence over election outcomes. There is also concern about the unequal distribution of votes, with some individuals’ votes carrying more weight than others based on where they reside. Furthermore, the phenomenon of rogue electors, those who vote contrary to their state’s outcome, and incidents like the Capitol Hill riot have prompted calls for reform.

Reforming the Electoral College

Proposed Reforms

Reform advocates have suggested various ways to modify or replace the Electoral College system. One suggestion is to adjust the weight of electoral votes to better reflect population and demographics, ensuring that no state or group of states holds disproportionate power. Another recommendation is to count all votes equally, rather than relying on the winner-takes-all approach. Some reform plans also propose eliminating electors altogether but retaining electoral votes as a means of balancing power.

Reform Plans

Several specific reform plans have been proposed, including the Proportional Plan, where electoral votes are distributed based on the proportion of the popular vote; the Automatic Plan, where electors would be removed and electoral votes automatically assigned; and the District Plan, which allocates electoral votes by congressional district. Additionally, some advocate for selecting the president through direct popular election, thereby aligning the outcome with the majority of voters.

References

Aldrich, J., Reifler, J., & Munger, M. (2015). Sophisticated and myopic? Citizen preferences for Electoral College reform. Public Choice, 158(3-4), 541-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-013-0056-z

Bugh, G. (2016). Electoral college reform (2nd ed.). Routledge.

Edwards, G. (2019). Why the Electoral College is bad for America (3rd ed.). Yale University Press.

Paige, L., & Neale, T. (2018). The Electoral College: an overview and analysis of reform proposals. Everycrsreport.com. Retrieved March 25, 2021, from https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30804.html.

POLI 330N Week 4 Assignment: Electoral College – Good or Bad?

Virgin, S. (2017). Competing loyalties in electoral reform: An analysis of the U.S. electoral college. Electoral Studies, 49, 38-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2017.07.003

POLI 330N Week 3 Assignment Essay Representing a Democracy

Name

Chamberlain University

POLI-330: Political Science

Prof. Name

Date

Representing a Democracy

In a democratic system, elected officials play a pivotal role in representing the populace. Their responsibilities include understanding societal needs, analyzing demographic trends, and creating policies that address these aspects. Representatives aim to bring these considerations to the legislative process, ensuring that the interests of the people are properly advocated in Congress. In Bronx, New York, three elected representatives fulfill these duties: Senators Charles “Chuck” Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand, alongside House Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez has distinguished herself as a prominent political figure due to her progressive policymaking abilities. Both senators have left their mark on their constituencies, shaping the state’s political landscape. This essay aims to explore the background of these three representatives by delving into their education, political experiences, and other relevant demographic details.

Senator Charles “Chuck” Schumer

Charles “Chuck” Schumer, a seasoned politician, has been actively involved in politics for over 40 years. First elected to the Senate in 1999, Schumer has maintained his seat through multiple terms. A graduate of Harvard Law School, Schumer began his political career in the House of Representatives, representing New York’s 19th, 10th, and 9th congressional districts (Schumer, 2021). Schumer won his Senate seat in 2016 with an impressive 70.7% vote share (Ballotpedia, 2021). Schumer is married to Iris Weinshall, and the couple has two children. As of 2012, his net worth was estimated at $635,008, and he earns a base salary of $193,400 (Ballotpedia, 2021).

Throughout his career, Schumer has held several roles within the Democratic Party. He has served on various committees, including the Senate Judiciary Committee, the Senate Finance Committee, and the Commission on Rules and Regulations (Schumer, 2021). His most notable policies include a permanent tax credit to reduce college tuition costs and the Direct Support for Communities Act, which aimed to support both urban and rural areas hit by the pandemic (Schumer, 2021). These policies reflect Schumer’s commitment to economic reforms and his Democratic values, as they seek to mitigate corporate influence and provide relief to underserved communities.

Senator Kirsten Gillibrand

Kirsten Gillibrand serves as the junior United States Senator for New York and has a background in law. She earned her degrees from Dartmouth College and UCLA School of Law. Prior to her political career, Gillibrand worked in private practice and as a government lawyer (McNamee, 2021). Notably, she took on pro bono cases related to women’s abuse, which garnered her recognition (Gillibrand, 2021). Gillibrand was involved in Hillary Clinton’s Senate campaign in 1999 and donated $12,000 to the cause. In 2006, she was elected to represent New York’s 20th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives, later ascending to the Senate in 2009 (Congress.gov, 2021).

Gillibrand is known for her evolving political stance, shifting from conservative to more liberal views on issues such as immigration and gun control (McNamee, 2021). Her salary is approximately $174,000, and she has served on numerous committees, including the Armed Services Committee and the Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee (McNamee, 2021). Her left-leaning ideology is evident in her advocacy for the return of U.S. troops from Afghanistan and support for the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) in 2007, which sought to prevent discrimination based on sexual orientation (Gillibrand, 2021). These policies underscore her commitment to gender equality and broader liberal values.

House Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (AOC)

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, widely known by her initials AOC, represents New York’s 14th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives. Born in 1989 to Sergio Ocasio-Roman and Blanca Ocasio-Cortez, she quickly made a name for herself as a progressive political figure (Alter, 2019). Ocasio-Cortez attended Boston University, graduating in 2011 with a degree in economics and international relations. Despite financial hardships, she worked as a waitress and bartender while also pursuing political and social advocacy (Alter, 2019).

In 2018, Ocasio-Cortez won her congressional seat, defeating long-time incumbent Joe Crowley and later Anthony Pappas in the general election. She became the youngest woman ever elected to Congress, securing a 78.2% vote share in the general election (Alter, 2019). Ocasio-Cortez aligns with democratic socialism, advocating for policies such as the Modern Monetary Theory (MMT), environmental protections, LGBTQ equality, and labor reforms, including a $15 minimum wage (Cortez, 2021). Her progressive stance is reflected in her opposition to Israel’s use of deadly force against Palestinians and her support for labor rights, both of which align with her broader vision of social and economic justice (Dana, 2020).

References

Alter, C. (2019). ‘Change is closer than we think.’ Inside Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s unlikely rise. Time. Retrieved from https://time.com/longform/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-profile/.

Aronson, P. (2016). Contradictions in the American dream: High educational aspirations and perceptions of deteriorating institutional support. International Journal of Psychology, 52(1), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12396

Ballotpedia. (2021). Chuck Schumer – Ballotpedia. Ballotpedia. Retrieved from https://ballotpedia.org/Chuck_Schumer.

Blofield, M., Ewig, C., & Piscopo, J. (2017). The reactive left: gender equality and the Latin American pink tide. Social Politics: International Studies In Gender, State & Society, 24(4), 345-369. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxx016

Congress.gov. (2021). Kirsten E. Gillibrand. Congress.gov. Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/member/kirsten-gillibrand/G000555?searchResultViewType=expanded.

Cortez, O. (2021). Biography. Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. Retrieved from https://ocasio-cortez.house.gov/about/biography.

POLI 330N Week 3 Assignment Essay Representing a Democracy

Dana, T. (2020). A cruel innovation: Israeli experiments on Gaza’s great march of return. Sociology Of Islam, 8(2), 175-198. https://doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00802003

Gillibrand, K. (2021). Home | Kirsten Gillibrand | U.S. senator for New York. Gillibrand.senate.gov. Retrieved from https://www.gillibrand.senate.gov/.

Hamilton, S. (2018). The big rig: trucking and the decline of the American dream by Steve Viscelli. Labor, 15(1), 130-132. https://doi.org/10.1215/15476715-4288827

McNamee, G. (2021). Kirsten Gillibrand | biography & facts. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kirsten-Gillibrand.

Schumer. (2021). About Chuck | U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer of New York. Schumer.senate.gov. Retrieved from https://www.schumer.senate.gov/about-chuck.

POLI 330 Wk 2 Discussion Political Science

Name

Chamberlain University

POLI-330: Political Science

Prof. Name

Date

POLI 330 Week 2 Discussion: Political Science

Experts frequently argue that the media tends to exhibit bias, often shifting its focus toward infotainment. Consequently, a growing number of individuals are turning to social media networks as their primary source of news, rather than traditional outlets such as CBS, NBC, FOX, CNN, and others. What are your views on this shift? Do you believe news coverage is impartial or skewed? Should there be stricter regulations for news stations?

I align with the experts’ view that media often displays bias and leans towards infotainment. As Chamberlain (2021) notes, “The power of the news media has increased dramatically.” I often find it challenging to trust news outlets for consistent and accurate information. Historically, the media has acted as a watchdog, informing the public about policy debates, emerging societal issues, and other concerns (Greenberg et al., 2018). However, during Donald Trump’s presidency, the relationship between the media and public trust deteriorated further. Trump frequently criticized the media, labeling CNN as “fake news” and suggesting that negative coverage of him was inherently false (Greenberg et al., 2018). Social media platforms, like Twitter, offer spaces for individuals to express their views on various topics and engage in public discourse.

Shift from Traditional Media to Social Media

Before the rise of social media, people predominantly relied on television, radio, and newspapers to stay informed about global events. During this period, news sources were trusted, and people depended on them for reliable information. Over time, however, with the emergence of new social media platforms, providing a variety of opinions, many people turned away from traditional news outlets in favor of social media. In my opinion, this is not necessarily problematic, given that social media platforms are integral to modern life. However, it is crucial for individuals to cross-check the information they receive by consulting multiple sources before forming opinions or accepting it as truth.

According to Tankovska (2021), Facebook ranks as the most popular social media site, followed by YouTube, as primary sources of news for Americans. In fact, social media now plays a more significant role in political discourse than traditional news channels. Many Americans believe that news organizations blur the line between fact and opinion, prioritizing content that generates higher ratings and profits, which only reinforces perceptions of media bias.

Stricter Regulations for News Stations

For these reasons, I believe that news stations should be subjected to stricter regulations concerning the information they broadcast. They should verify their sources and acknowledge errors when they occur, rather than obscuring the truth. Additionally, news organizations should disclose where they obtained their information, so that viewers can independently verify it if desired.

References

Baron, C. (2021). Most used social media 2021. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/

Chamberlain University. (2021). Week 2 Lesson: Structural foundations of American government and politics. Retrieved from https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/87406/pages/week-2-lesson-structural-foundations-of-american-government-and-politics?module_item_id=12896491

Greenberg, E. S., Page, B. I., Doherty, D., Minkoff, S. L., & Ryan, J. (2021). The struggle for democracy. Pearson.

POLI 330N Week 2 Assignment: The Role of Media in Influencing Government and the Public

Name

Chamberlain University

POLI-330: Political Science

Prof. Name

Date

The Roles of the Media in Influencing Government and Its Citizens

Characteristics of the Media

• The media enables widespread communication through various channels, including television, radio, social media, and print.
• It is typically owned by government entities or for-profit organizations, both of which can shape its role in society.
• The media exerts influence on both the government and the public by shaping perceptions and providing information.
• Key characteristics include public broadcasting, adherence to the fairness doctrine, low-power broadcasting, and frequency allocation regulations.

Expectations from the Media

• The media is expected to provide comprehensive knowledge about government decision-making processes.
• Journalists and media professionals attend parliamentary sessions, ask critical questions, and engage in debates about parliamentary decisions.
• The media plays a crucial role in defending and scrutinizing the positions of parliamentary decision-makers, holding them accountable to the public.

Education Role of the Media

• The media fosters the creation and development of an educated citizenry by providing reliable information.
• It offers independent news and insights regarding the operations and functions of the government.
• Furthermore, the media serves as an educational tool, teaching citizens about governmental structures, functions, and responsibilities.

Media, Citizens, and the Government

The Media as a Watchdog

• The media functions as a government watchdog, monitoring and reporting on its activities to ensure transparency (Whitman Cobb, 2020).
• It highlights harmful actions taken by the government, allowing citizens to react and voice their concerns.
• Through investigative journalism, the media exposes corruption and unethical behaviors, making it more effective than individual efforts.

Media as the Fourth Arm of Government

• The media is often referred to as the “fourth arm” of government due to its critical role in shaping public opinion, overseeing governmental activities, and promoting democratic values.

Socialization Role of the Media

• The media helps communicate societal beliefs, values, and ideals, promoting cohesion among different communities.
• It encompasses a broad range of platforms, including websites, news channels, newspapers, magazines, and books.
• The media contributes to reconciliation and social unity by bringing communities closer together.

Media and Democracy

• The media plays a fundamental role in promoting democracy by informing the public about their civic duties and rights.
• It educates voters on the significance of participating in elections and supports the democratic process by providing balanced information on political candidates.
• By fostering democratic ideas, attitudes, and values, the media stands as a vital advocate for justice and freedom in society.

References

Curran, J. (2014). Reinterpreting the democratic roles of the media. Brazilian Journalism Research, 10(2), 28-53.

Husin, M. M., Ismail, N., & Ab Rahman, A. (2016). The roles of mass media, word of mouth and subjective norm in family takaful purchase intention. Journal of Islamic Marketing.

Song, C., & Lee, J. (2016). Citizens’ use of social media in government, perceived transparency, and trust in government. Public Performance & Management Review, 39(2), 430-453.

POLI 330N Week 2 Assignment: The Role of Media in Influencing Government and the Public

Whitman Cobb, W. N. (2020). Political science today (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Sage, CQ Press.

POLI 330N Week 2 Discussion: Your Political Socialization

Name

Chamberlain University

POLI-330: Political Science

Prof. Name

Date

Initial Post Instructions: Political Socialization

Introduction to Political Socialization

Political socialization begins at a young age. Reflecting on my experiences around the age of ten, I recall significant conversations about politics, particularly in the context of social injustice. A pivotal moment in my early political awareness was the civil unrest following the acquittal of police officers involved in the beating of Rodney King on April 29, 1992. This event sparked intense discussions within my family about race and justice. As noted by Whitman Cobb (2020), “Socialization is the process through which we acquire beliefs about the world around us; the media is a key way in which those ideas, values, and beliefs are communicated.” My family made a concerted effort to involve us children in these discussions, highlighting the societal issues we faced and the disappointment in a system perceived as unjust. This exposure shaped my understanding of systemic racism and instilled a belief that the system was not designed to protect marginalized communities. My views on the persistent issues surrounding racial injustice have remained largely unchanged, particularly in light of the ongoing Black Lives Matter movement.

Family Influence and Educational Experiences

Despite my family’s skepticism towards the political system, they always exercised their right to vote, a practice I continue to uphold. My college education further expanded my political socialization. In various courses, I was introduced to diverse perspectives on political issues, which fostered a deeper understanding of the political landscape. According to Longley (2021), “College-level courses in American history, civics, and political science encourage students to examine government institutions and processes.” This academic exposure taught me the importance of respecting differing viewpoints and engaging in constructive dialogue, allowing me to navigate political discussions more effectively.

The Role of Media

One of the most vivid memories from my formative years is witnessing the events of 9/11 unfold live on television while heading to breakfast between classes. The pervasive nature of media today means that children are often exposed to significant events and issues, sometimes before they are developmentally ready to process such information. As noted by B. S. et al. (2021), “Not only does the media influence public opinion by providing news, analysis, and a diversity of opinion, it exposes people to modern sociopolitical issues, such as drug abuse, abortion, and racial discrimination.” This constant exposure necessitates important conversations between children and caregivers to help them make sense of what they see and hear. Without guidance, children may form opinions based solely on media portrayals rather than informed discussions.

References

B. S., T. A. U., & Facebook, F. (2021, March 3). What is political socialization? Definition and examples. ThoughtCo. Retrieved March 15, 2021, from https://www.thoughtco.com/political-socialization-5104843.

Longley, R. (2021, March 3). What is political socialization? Definition and examples. ThoughtCo. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/political-socialization-5104843.

POLI 330N Week 2 Discussion: Your Political Socialization

Whitman Cobb, W. N. (2020). Political science today (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Sage, CQ Press.

.

POLI 330N Week 1 Assignment: Current Event – Local Issue

Name

Chamberlain University

POLI-330: Political Science

Prof. Name

Date

POLI 330N Week 1 Assignment: Current Event – Local Issue

Health Disparities in New York City

The article I selected discusses the long-standing health care disparities in New York City, particularly between Black and Hispanic populations compared to their white and Asian counterparts. Minorities have faced issues such as underdiagnosis, misdiagnosis, and mistreatment for many years. Although these problems existed prior to the pandemic, they have become more pronounced due to the inequitable treatment during COVID-19 and the uneven distribution of vaccines. As noted by Shahrigian (2021), “While Black and Hispanic New Yorkers have died at nearly twice the rate of white and Asian people, the city’s vaccination efforts have left many people of color behind.” Vaccination sites in predominantly minority areas often had limited supplies, resulting in long lines where individuals waited for hours only to find out there were no vaccines left. Tragically, these are the same communities experiencing the highest mortality rates from the virus.

The article further highlights promises made by the President, the Governor, and the Mayor of New York regarding increased supplies for areas in need. Despite these commitments, many community members remain unaware of their eligibility for vaccination or struggle to find information on when and where they can receive it. In my role within the city hospital system, I have witnessed many individuals wandering in confusion, seeking guidance on vaccine availability. People often express their frustration, having waited for hours, only to be met with disappointment. I empathize with their concerns; they deserve timely information rather than being left in the dark while waiting in long lines, and we are working to create a more efficient distribution system.

Shahrigian (2021) emphasizes that “Millions of New Yorkers rely on Health + Hospitals and our safety-net hospitals for care — and most of them are people of color.” Given this reliance, there should have been a higher concentration of vaccines allocated to these facilities, especially since they were hit the hardest by the pandemic. Ironically, as calls to increase funding for these essential services arise, there are proposals to cut budgets for already strained systems. The article is not neutral; it highlights significant issues such as the lack of resources for the most affected populations and the systemic misdiagnosis that leads to delayed medical treatments. The writer clearly acknowledges the disparities in health care for minorities and critiques the political promises that often go unfulfilled during election cycles.

POLI 330N Week 1 Assignment: Current Event – Local Issue

Efforts to distribute more vaccines are contradicted by proposed budget cuts for city hospitals, which would negatively impact underinsured and uninsured populations seeking vaccinations. Although the vaccines are advertised as free, some individuals have encountered requests for insurance information at pharmacies and urgent care centers. It is crucial that access to vaccines remains free for all low- and moderate-income residents.

While I understand that the pandemic has presented challenges, we have had a year to learn from other countries that managed the situation more effectively before introducing vaccines. Although COVID-19 numbers in New York City have significantly decreased, there are still spikes in specific areas. The city’s decision to reopen, despite existing vaccination gaps and ongoing cases, raises concerns. Many people are attending crowded events without masks, fueled by a false sense of security that the pandemic is nearing its end.

Addressing the health care disparities affecting minorities is the most pressing issue to tackle. While the vaccine shortage is significant, it is equally important to care for those currently suffering from COVID-19 and those with pre-existing health conditions that predispose them to the virus. Simply distributing vaccines will not resolve the underlying problems. We need to ensure that communities have access to essential supplies for maintaining health, including mobile testing units and educational initiatives that provide masks, hand sanitizers, and medical evaluations for symptomatic individuals. Many are apprehensive about going to hospitals due to fears of inadequate care or being placed on ventilators, leading them to seek treatment in more affluent areas, which often do not provide the improved care they anticipate.

In my experience as a Black nurse, I witness firsthand the disparities and mistreatment within the healthcare system. I advocate for my patients as if they were family members, and as an RN managing heavy patient loads during the pandemic, I have seen the inequities in care. To contribute to solutions, I actively engage with my local community, working to improve conditions for those around me.

References

Shahrigian, S. (n.d.). NYC mayoral wannabes grapple with health disparities for New Yorkers of color. Retrieved March 14, 2021, from NY Daily News.

Whitman Cobb, W. N. (2020). Political science today (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Sage, CQ Press.