Capella 4000 Assessment 4 Analyzing a Current Health Care Problem or Issue

Name

Capella University

NHS-FPX 4000 Developing a Health Care Perspective

Prof. Name

Date

Analyzing a Current Health Care Problem or Issue

Staffing shortage, particularly in nursing, is a critical challenge in the healthcare industry. The demand for competent nurses is constantly outperforming the existing workforce. This results in several poor consequences for the available nurses, the healthcare organization, and the patients. Thus, addressing this issue requires a multifaceted and systematic approach. This assessment delves into the intricacies of the healthcare issue and presents potential solutions to combat the challenge within the healthcare system.  

Healthcare Problem or Issue

The prevalence of nursing shortages is a global concern, with varying degrees of severity in different regions. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) estimates that between 2020 and 2030, more than 275,000 nurses will be required in the United States, which accounts for an increase of 6% in nurse employment rate (Haddad et al., 2023; U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, 2023). Moreover, per the report generated by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), more than 3.6 million registered nurses will be required by 2030. Further statistics reveal that about 193,100 nursing positions are offered annually in the United States (U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, 2023). These shortages have far-reaching consequences on the existing workforce, healthcare organizations, and patients. 

• Impact on Workforce: Nursing shortages significantly affect the existing workforce as they may result in overworked nurses and understaffed units. This constant strain may impact nurses’ abilities to provide quality care (Tamata & Mohammadnezhad, 2022). Overstressed nurses may encounter low self-confidence, higher turnover rates, and a diminished sense of fulfillment in their careers. 
• Impact on Organizations: Healthcare organizations may face challenges related to operational costs and legal implications. The increased workload results in high turnover rates and constant recruitment, escalating operational costs. Moreover, the overburdened workforce may strive to meet regulatory standards and compliance requirements, leading to potential legal ramifications. 
• Impact on Patients: Ghafoor et al. (2021) explain that patients may experience diminished quality of care and compromised outcomes. Moreover, these shortages may lead to fragmented care, negatively impacting the patient experience, endangering patient safety, and reducing patients’ satisfaction and trust in the healthcare system.

The chosen articles are relevant and vital as these insights aid policymakers, administrators, and stakeholders recognize the broader implications of staffing shortages, providing a comprehensive view beyond the immediate clinical aspects. These comprehensions better equip stakeholders to develop effective strategies and allocate resources to mitigate nursing shortages and ensure high-quality healthcare delivery. The information is extracted from credible scholarly and professional resources, ensuring they are reliable and trustworthy in healthcare. 

Analyze the Problem or Issue

Definition 

Nursing shortages refer to a reduced quantity of qualified nurses to meet the augmenting demands for healthcare services. This results in compromised patient care and challenges for the existing workforce (Haddad et al., 2023). The problem is prevalent in various healthcare settings and, thus, applicable to the global context. However, healthcare facilities in underserved areas are highly impacted due to this challenge of maintaining adequate nursing staff levels.

Who Is Involved? 

Various stakeholders are impacted and involved in the healthcare issue—mainly nursing professionals, administrators and policymakers, and the communities they serve. Increased workloads and potential burnout directly impact the existing nursing workforce, decreasing job satisfaction and high turnover rates. Healthcare administrators and policymakers play a crucial role in managing the workforce using several strategies to mitigate the issue. Moreover, they are involved in the planning and implementing policies to address the challenge. Lastly, the served patients and the communities are affected by diminished care quality, poor health outcomes, and decreased healthcare services, leading to health disparities. 

Causes of the Problem

Several factors lead to nursing shortages in healthcare, including global migration, lack of recognition and support, and the aging workforce. Pressley et al. (2022) highlight that the global migration of nurses significantly contributes to nursing shortages worldwide. International nurses often seek opportunities in countries with better working conditions, higher wages, and improved quality of life, which leads to a loss of skilled healthcare professionals in underserved countries. Additionally, lack of recognition and support for nurses results in frustration and burnout, prompting skilled professionals to exit the profession (Alahiane et al., 2023). Lastly, the aging workforce in nursing heightens the challenges associated with shortages. According to Haddad et al. (2023), approximately one million nurses are above the age of 50 years, which indicates their retirement in the next 10-15 years. This leads to the loss of seasoned professionals with valuable expertise, leading to a shortage of skilled nursing professionals. 

Importance of Addressing the Issue as a Nurse

Nursing shortages are critical as they impact nurses’ workflows, job satisfaction, and well-being. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, inadequate nursing staff became a pertinent concern, aggravating the challenges for healthcare systems. During that period, nurses faced increased demands for critical care, leading to fatigue, increased susceptibility to burnout, and high turnover (Martin et al., 2023). As a nurse, addressing this issue is paramount for providing valuable input in maintaining a healthy and sustainable nursing workforce. My work extends beyond nursing responsibilities to supporting my colleagues encountering stress and burnout, ensuring care coordination and team collaboration to deliver optimal patient care.

Potential Solutions 

Several strategies could address these contributing factors and nursing shortages, such as establishing collaborative policies on ethical recruitment and retention among countries, fostering a positive and supportive work environment, investing in nursing education, and utilizing telehealth services for resource-constrained areas. However, this paper focuses on enhancing recognition and supportive services for nurses to mitigate the challenge. This approach is effective for not only tackling burnout and job dissatisfaction but also contributing to addressing the aging workforce and global migration. 

Capella 4000 Assessment 4 Analyzing a Current Health Care Problem or Issue

Alahiane et al. (2023) stress the importance of staff recognition and support as a positive work environment fosters a motivated nursing workforce, guaranteeing the continuity of quality patient care and mitigating the broader challenges of nursing shortages. The implementation requires a multifaceted approach, where leadership should commit to promoting an appreciation culture. This involves regularly acknowledging achievements and recognizing individual and team contributions through “Star/Team of the Month” awards, appreciation evenings, and motivational activities (Al Ahmari et al., 2023). Moreover, the organization must provide access to mental health resources and support systems to maintain the emotional well-being of nurses. Finally, creating career development opportunities within nursing is essential to optimizing professional well-being (Patrician et al., 2022). 

Consequences of Ignoring the Problem

Ignoring the problem of nursing shortage worldwide can result in sub-optimal patient care, increased healthcare costs, and a weakened healthcare system. Constant shortages lead to overburdened nurses, leading to nurse burnout, reduced job satisfaction, and increased turnover rates. These outcomes will eventually contribute to poor patient care, diminished quality of healthcare services, and increased morbidity and mortality. 

Ethical Implications 

Ethical considerations apply when implementing and enhancing nurses’ recognition and support initiatives. Since the strategies prioritize the well-being of nurses by promoting a positive work environment, the ethical principle of beneficence, which is widely recognized for the welfare and benefit of the individuals, is applied (Varkey, 2020). Recognizing nurses’ contributions increases their well-being and quality of life. Similarly, non-maleficence underscores the importance of preventing harm. A supportive culture ensures nurses provide quality care, avoiding harm to the professionals, the organization, and patients. Lastly, implementing recognition and support initiatives, such as mental health and professional development strategies, promotes justice by offering equal access to each professional, regardless of their role and experiences. This ensures fairness and equality in the workplace (Lönnqvist et al., 2022). 

Conclusion 

In conclusion, the nursing shortage is a significant healthcare challenge. Several contributing factors, such as the aging workforce, global migration of nurses, and the lack of recognition and support, lead to the issue. However, these challenges must be addressed using a multifaceted approach to recognizing and supporting nurses for their contributions. This strategy aligns with ethical principles, including beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Addressing this issue is vital to improve the well-being of nurses and enhance the overall quality of patient care. Conversely, ignoring the issue could lead to compromised patient care and a destabilized healthcare system. Thus, organizational leaders should contribute their valuable inputs to mitigate the challenge and deliver quality healthcare services to the communities. 

References

Alahiane, L., Zaam, Y., Abouqal, R., & Belayachi, J. (2023). Factors associated with recognition at work among nurses and the impact of recognition at work on health-related quality of life, job satisfaction and psychological health: A single-centre, cross-sectional study in Morocco. BMJ Open, 13(5), e051933. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051933 

Al Ahmari, R., Al Qannass, S., Govallen, P., Moorkan, N., & Homoud, Z. (2023). The impact of nurses recognition, and empowerment related to nurses job satisfaction at KFSH-D. Open Journal of Nursing, 13(02), 81–94. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2023.132006 

Ghafoor, Y., Yaqoob, A., & Awais Bilal, M. (2021). Impact of Nurse Shortage on Patient Care. Saudi J Nurs Health Care, 4(4), 114–119. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjnhc.2021.v04i04.003 

Capella 4000 Assessment 4 Analyzing a Current Health Care Problem or Issue

Haddad, L. M., Annamaraju, P., & Toney-Butler, T. J. (2023). Nursing shortage. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493175/

Lönnqvist, K., Flinkman, M., Vehviläinen‐Julkunen, K., & Elovainio, M. (2022). Organizational justice among registered nurses: A scoping review. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 28(1), e12983. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12983 

Martin, B., Kaminski-Ozturk, N., O’Hara, C., & Smiley, R. (2023). Examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on burnout and stress among U.S. Nurses. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 14(1), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2155-8256(23)00063-7

Patrician, P. A., Bakerjian, D., Billings, R., Chenot, T., Hooper, V., Johnson, C. S., & Sables-Baus, S. (2022). Nurse well-being: A concept analysis. Nursing Outlook, 70(4), 639–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2022.03.014 

Pressley, C., Newton, D., Garside, J., Simkhada, P., & Simkhada, B. (2022). Global migration and factors that support acculturation and retention of international nurses: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances, 4, 100083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2022.100083 

Tamata, A. T., & Mohammadnezhad, M. (2022). A systematic review study on the factors affecting shortage of nursing workforce in the hospitals. Nursing Open, 10(3), 1247–1257. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1434 

Capella 4000 Assessment 4 Analyzing a Current Health Care Problem or Issue

U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. (2023, November 27). Registered Nurses: Occupational Outlook Handbook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Bls.gov. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/registered-nurses.htm#tab-6 

Varkey, B. (2020). Principles of clinical ethics and their application to practice. Medical Principles and Practice, 30(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000509119 

Capella 4000 Assessment 3 Applying Ethical Principles

Name

Capella University

NHS-FPX 4000 Developing a Health Care Perspective

Prof. Name

Date

Applying Ethical Principles

Ethical principles in healthcare settings help in making clinical decisions and ensuring patient-centered care. These principles include beneficence, which emphasizes benefitting patients; non-maleficence, the obligation not to harm; autonomy, respecting patients’ rights; and justice, ensuring fairness and equity in healthcare access and treatment (Varkey, 2021). These principles help healthcare professionals navigate complex situations, one of which is presented in this assessment. By adhering to these ethical guidelines, healthcare providers in the moral case study will maintain the integrity and quality of care through morally sound solutions. 

Background Case Study

Dr. Laura Simmons, a clinical psychologist, has been treating Mr. Alex Turner, a 35-year-old patient, for six months to help manage his severe depression and anxiety. Over time, the therapy sessions have been marked by a trusting and open therapeutic relationship, where Alex confides his deepest struggles and emotions. During a recent session, Alex discloses disturbing thoughts about harming a colleague. He details a plan motivated by enduring professional opposition and recent personal conflicts. While Alex shared his homicidal thoughts, Dr. Simmons faced a critical ethical dilemma between confidentiality, which is a key to maintaining a physician-patient therapeutic bond, and professional obligation of preserving ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence, requiring her to act in Alex’s and others’ best interest and to prevent harm. 

Analyses of Case Study Facts Through Peer-reviewed Sources

The ethical dilemma in Dr. Laura Simmons’ case arises from conflicting responsibilities: maintaining patient confidentiality and ensuring safety for others. Several factors contribute to this dilemma. Firstly, Alex’s disclosure of homicidal thoughts presents a forthcoming threat requiring intervention. His detailed plan and expressed intent indicate a clear risk, activating Dr. Simmons’ duty to protect not only her patient but also the potential victim. According to Kafka et al. (2024), confidentiality is a crucial component in a psychologist-patient relationship during and after therapy sessions. This obligates therapists to prevent information disclosure without patients’ prior consent. In Dr. Simmons’ case, Alex’s trust depends on safeguarding his disclosures. However, the potential for harm complicates this. In this case study, Dr. Simmons must balance confidentiality and adhere to the principles of non-maleficence and beneficence, which emphasize preventing harm and prioritizing patient welfare, respectively (Cheraghi et al., 2023). 

The chosen articles by Kafka et al. (2024) and Cheraghi et al. (2023) provide crucial insights supporting the analysis of Dr. Simmons’ ethical dilemma. Kafka et al. (2024) emphasize the centrality of confidentiality in the psychologist-patient relationship, which is highly relevant in this case. This perspective underlines the tension Dr. Simmons faces, as breaching confidentiality could severely damage the therapeutic alliance and Alex’s treatment progress. On the other hand, Cheraghi et al. (2023) explore the principles of non-maleficence and beneficence, which are key to Dr. Simmons’ decision-making. Beneficence compels her to act in the best interest of both Alex and his colleague, while non-maleficence requires her to prevent harm. Their work highlights the ethical balance needed when the psychologist must weigh patient confidentiality against the risk of damage to others. It provides a strong foundation for understanding the ethical complexities Dr. Simmons encounters in her decision.

Effectiveness of Communication Strategies in the Case Study

In Dr. Laura Simmons’ case, effective communication is critical to addressing the ethical dilemma while maintaining patient trust and ensuring safety. Dr. Simmons can utilize clear, empathetic, and non-judgmental communication when discussing Alex’s troubling thoughts. This communication approach is effective as it fosters trust, encourages openness, and reduces defensiveness, allowing the patient to discuss their emotions honestly (Babaii et al., 2021). This approach enables healthcare providers to assess the homicidal risk accurately and provide effective interventions to ensure safety. Moreover, this approach will encourage Alex to remain open and transparent, reinforcing the therapeutic alliance. Another key communication strategy involves actively listening to Alex’s concerns and validating his feelings while expressing concern for his and others’ safety. Dr. Simmons can use motivational interviewing techniques. This strategy allows patients to change their contradictory and harmful perspectives into positive behaviors (Bischof et al., 2021). This communication approach may prevent Alex from harming his colleague, allowing him to address the situation constructively.

These approaches should be utilized more. However, dismissive or aggressive communication should be avoided as that could alienate Alex and damage the patient-provider therapeutic relationship. Likewise, failing to communicate the seriousness of the situation to relevant authorities would put others at risk and breach Dr. Simmons’ duty of care. Effective communication helps establish trust, ensure patient compliance, and protect both the patient and the public. In contrast, poor communication may escalate Alex’s distress, lead to disengagement from therapy, and jeopardize the safety of the potential victim. Effective communication allows Dr. Simmons to balance ethical responsibilities, while ineffective communication could result in harm to all parties involved.

Ethical Decision-Making Model Applied to the Case Scenario

An ethical decision-making model has three important stages where an individual identifies and acknowledges the presence of moral dilemmas (moral awareness). This recognition is followed by applying appropriate ethical principles and choosing the right intervention to address the problem (moral judgment). Finally, the solution is impalement to evaluate the consequences of the ethical approach (ethical behavior/action). This model allows service practitioners to improve their practices grounded in ethical principles and moral responsibilities (Suarez et al., 2022). 

In the case study, Dr. Simmons’ approach can be evaluated using the ethical decision-making model. Moral awareness involved recognizing the ethical dilemma between Alex’s confidentiality versus the need to protect a potential victim. Dr. Simmons identifies this conflict, understanding that Alex’s threat is serious and could lead to harm, making her aware of the need to balance patient trust with public safety. Secondly, moral judgment allowed Dr. Simmons to consider the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence to protect both Alex and his colleague. Finally, based on these principles, Dr. Simmons must take appropriate moral steps to prevent harm while minimizing breach of confidentiality. This would demonstrate her commitment to both protecting Alex’s privacy and ensuring safety.

Capella 4000 Assessment 3 Applying Ethical Principles

The consequences of using ethical decision-making in healthcare settings ensure patient safety, trust, and professional integrity. It fosters a strong therapeutic alliance, as patients feel confident sharing sensitive information and knowing their provider acts in their best interest (Varkey, 2021). Ethical practices also protect healthcare professionals from legal and regulatory consequences by adhering to established guidelines and standards. In contrast, non-ethical approaches can result in significant harm. Additionally, unethical behavior undermines patient trust in the healthcare system, potentially discouraging individuals from seeking care. Thus, ethical practice is essential to balancing complex care responsibilities.

Moral Solution for the Case Study

A possible solution to Dr. Simmons’ ethical dilemma is to implement a duty-to-warn approach, where she notifies the appropriate authorities, such as law enforcement or the ethical committee, about his homicidal thoughts while minimizing the breach of confidentiality. Moreover, she must discuss possible positive solutions with Alex, such as a discussion with the colleague or arbitration to prevent harm. This solution is grounded in the ethical principles of non-maleficence and beneficence. While the former requires healthcare professionals to avoid damage to others, the beneficence compels Dr. Simmons to act in Alex’s best interest (Cheraghi et al., 2023). By alerting authorities, she ensures that the potential victim is protected from harm and avoids criminal behavior. Additionally, Dr. Simmons would adhere to the principle of justice by balancing her responsibilities to both Alex and the threatened individual, ensuring fairness in her decision-making process. Lastly, autonomy is respected by discussing possible solutions and mediating between Alex and his colleague, allowing him to make informed decisions and continue to offer support and care.

Conclusion 

In conclusion, Dr. Simmons’ case presents the ethical dilemma between balancing patient confidentiality with the duty to protect patients and others from harm. Effective communication, grounded in empathy and clarity, is crucial in addressing Alex’s intent and preventing damage. Moreover, applying an ethical decision-making model will help the healthcare professional take necessary actions while minimizing harm to both the patient and the potential victim. The proposed solution to this case study includes the involvement of the legal authorities and playing the role of mediator to ensure Alex makes positive decisions in the situation. Adhering to ethical principles will ensure patient trust, public safety, and professional integrity while preventing significant legal and moral consequences in the healthcare setting. 

References

Babaii, A., Mohammadi, E., & Sadooghiasl, A. (2021). The meaning of the empathetic nurse-patient communication: A qualitative study. Journal of Patient Experience, 8(8). https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735211056432 

Bischof, G., Bischof, A., & Rumpf, H.-J. (2021). Motivational interviewing: An evidence-based approach for use in medical practice. Deutsches Aerzteblatt Online, 118(7), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0014 

Cheraghi, R., Valizadeh, L., Zamanzadeh, V., Hassankhani, H., & Jafarzadeh, A. (2023). Clarification of ethical principle of the beneficence in nursing care: An integrative review. BMC Nursing, 22(89). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01246-4 

Capella 4000 Assessment 3 Applying Ethical Principles

Kafka, J. X., Kothgassner, O. D., & Felnhofer, A. (2024). A matter of trust: Confidentiality in therapeutic relationships during psychological and medical treatment in children and adolescents with mental disorders. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(6), 1752–1752. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13061752 

Smith, C. S. (2023). Applying a systems oriented ethical decision-making framework to mitigating social and structural determinants of health. Frontiers in Oral Health, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.3389/froh.2023.1031574 

Suarez, V. D., Marya, V., Weiss, M. J., & Cox, D. (2022). Examination of ethical decision-making models across disciplines: Common elements and application to the field of behavior analysis. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-022-00753-1 

Varkey, B. (2021). Principles of clinical ethics and their application to practice. Medical Principles and Practice, 30(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000509119 

Capella 4000 Assessment 2 Applying Research Skills

Name

Capella University

NHS-FPX 4000 Developing a Health Care Perspective

Prof. Name

Date

Applying Research Skills

Palliative and end-of-life care (EOL) focuses on augmenting the standards of life for patients with life-threatening diseases that may lead to death. Currently, many patients and families face challenges in acquiring appropriate EOL care, leading to unmet physical, emotional, and spiritual needs. This assessment presents an annotated bibliography by applying research skills to the current healthcare problem, addressing the gaps in providing compassionate, holistic care.

Summary of the Healthcare Problem 

According to the literature, approximately 57 million individuals require palliative care annually. However, due to disparities in access, communication, and resource availability, only 14% of this population receives it (Cotton et al., 2024). The growing aging population emphasizes the need for expanded palliative services, particularly as chronic diseases increase. This healthcare problem is particularly relevant to nursing practice as nurses play an essential role in EOL care by advocating for patient’s requirements, providing symptom management, and offering emotional support to both patients and their families (Nacak & Erden, 2023). As front-line caregivers, they ensure that care plans align with patients’ goals and values, enhancing comfort and dignity in the final stages of life. 

Professional Experience 

I have had professional exposure to palliative care through my clinical practice, where I have worked closely with patients nearing the end of life. This experience involved collaborating with interdisciplinary teams to manage symptoms, provide emotional support, and ensure patient dignity. This hands-on involvement has deepened my appreciation for the role of palliative care in improving patient outcomes and underscored the need for continuous education and advocacy for better palliative care resources.

Peer-reviewed Articles Search and Criteria to Assess Credibility 

I used databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, and BioMed Central to research scholarly articles related to palliative and EOL care. The search criteria included keywords like “palliative care and ethical considerations,” “barriers to EOL care,” and “EOL care and nursing practice.” I filtered the results to include articles published within the last five years to ensure relevance and focused on studies that discussed nursing interventions, patient outcomes, and barriers to care. Additionally, I looked for research articles, reviews, and clinical guidelines to obtain a comprehensive view of the current evidence and best practices in this field.

Credibility and Relevance of Sources 

The CRAAP criteria, currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose, were applied to assess the credibility of sources (Nakayama et al., 2022). The selected articles are published between 2020-2024 to ensure currency, with abstracts and conclusions confirming relevance to the healthcare problem. The studies focus on nursing practices, patient outcomes, and challenges in care. Each source provides current best practices, evidence-based strategies, and case studies that address common barriers, such as access to care, symptom management, and communication between healthcare teams and families, aligning with the focus of this research. Additionally, the authors’ authority was verified, with most being healthcare professionals or academics, ensuring the accuracy and trustworthiness of information. Finally, the purpose of the articles aligns with understanding and addressing palliative care issues to improve patient outcomes, making the sources useful for nursing practice.

Annotated Bibliography

Akdeniz, M., Yardımcı, B., & Kavukcu, E. (2021). Ethical considerations at the end-of-life care. SAGE Open Medicine, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211000918

The purpose of the article is to explore the ethical challenges physicians encounter in EOL care and to emphasize the importance of biomedical ethics principles in guiding clinical decision-making. The article highlights several significant moral concerns in EOL care, including choices regarding cardiovascular restoration, involuntary ventilation, supplemental nourishment and water intake, euthanasia, doctor-assisted suicide, final stag sedation, and withholding and stopping treatments (Akdeniz et al., 2021). The article concludes that a deep understanding of biomedical ethics principles is crucial for addressing ethical obstacles in EOL care. It finds that applying these principles can help healthcare professionals make informed, respectful, and compassionate decisions, ultimately improving the quality of care and supporting ethical practices in end-of-life scenarios. The rationale for including this article is its comprehensive analysis of the moral principles relevant to EOL  care, which provides essential guidance for physicians and other healthcare professionals. It ensures that decisions are made with respect for patient autonomy and overall well-being.

Hashmi, S. A., Martins, R. S., Ishtiaq, A., Rizvi, N. A., Mustafa, M. A., Pervez, A., Siddiqui, A., Shariq, S. F., Nadeem, S., Haider, A. H., & Waqar, M. A. (2024). Development of palliative care clinical practice guidelines and referral care pathways for primary care practitioners in Pakistan. BioMed Central Palliative Care, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-024-01438-y 

This article intends to develop comprehensive guidelines and referral methods for healthcare providers to provide palliative care, addressing a gap in services for patients with life-limiting illnesses. This article offers a guiding framework for adapting internationally recognized guidelines, making them more applicable and relevant to local healthcare settings in Pakistan. The article summarizes the need for standardized guidelines for palliative care due to a lack of services and the limitations of international guidelines. It describes how these standardized guidelines aimed to improve care quality and consistency in resource-constrained settings. The article concludes that the finalized guidelines and referral methods will aid in standardizing the provision of terminal-stage care in Pakistan and can serve as a model for other low-resourced countries. The rationale for including this article in palliative care research is its focus on creating tailored guidelines, making it relevant for improving palliative care services in countries facing challenges like limited access to care or inappropriate provision to enhance patient outcomes and improved quality of care. 

Capella 4000 Assessment 2 Applying Research Skills

Lalani, N., & Cai, Y. (2022). Palliative care for rural growth and wellbeing: Identifying perceived barriers and facilitators in access to palliative care in rural Indiana, USA. BMC Palliative Care, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-022-00913-8 

The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze the obstacles and enablers influencing rural Indiana residents’ access to palliative care services, where the aging population and chronic illness prevalence create a growing demand for such services. The study aims to offer insights from healthcare providers, educators, and community stakeholders to address healthcare inequities in these underserved regions. The findings reveal several barriers to accessing palliative care, including false beliefs, a lack of qualified healthcare professionals, a delay in the provision of treatments, inadequate education and training, limited resources, and remote location.

On the other hand, the facilitators identified include financial incentives that support palliative care expansion, the enhanced role of nurses in identifying patients in need, and community awareness efforts. The article concludes that addressing these barriers and leveraging facilitators are crucial for improving palliative care access in rural Indiana. Implementing robust education programs and increasing resources are recommended to enhance service availability and quality, ultimately reducing healthcare disparities in these areas. The rationale for including this article is its focus on providing practical barriers and facilitators in a specific context, giving valuable insights for researchers into improving palliative care access in rural communities. 

Xu, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, J., Shu, Z., Jing, L., He, J., Liu, M., Chu, T., Teng, X., Ma, Y., & Li, S. (2023). Nurses’ practices and their influencing factors in palliative care. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1117923. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1117923 

Capella 4000 Assessment 2 Applying Research Skills

The purpose of the article is to explore and analyze the factors influencing palliative care practices among nurses in Shanghai, China, focusing on the early stages of palliative care development. The results reveal that nurses’ efficiency, objective, and subjective regulations have a substantial influence on nursing practice for terminally ill patients. Specifically, their capabilities have direct and indirect effects, whereas intention and knowledge have a direct impact on practice. The article concludes that these critical factors influence palliative care practices among nurses. It recommends targeted interventions to improve these factors, thereby enhancing nurses’ practices and the overall quality of EOL services. These findings highlight the need for strategies to increase self-efficacy and negotiate regulations to improve care delivery. The rationale for this article is that it focuses on specific factors that influence nursing practice in the palliative care context. Thus, understanding these relationships is essential to designing effective interventions to enhance nursing practices and improve patient outcomes. 

Learnings from the Research

From researching and developing annotated bibliographies on palliative and EOL care, several key insights emerged. Firstly, ethical principles play a crucial role in guiding clinical decision-making in EOL care, ensuring that decisions uphold patient autonomy, dignity, and overall well-being (Akdeniz et al., 2021). Understanding these principles helps healthcare professionals mitigate complex ethical dilemmas and improve care quality. Secondly, the development of standardized palliative care guidelines highlights the need for context-specific adaptations of international standards to address practice lapses and enhance the quality of care in resource-constrained settings (Hashmi et al., 2024).

Tailored guidelines can improve the relevance and applicability of palliative care practices. The research also revealed significant obstacles and enables in accessing palliative care in rural areas. Addressing these barriers and up-leveling facilitators is crucial for improving service access and reducing disparities (Lalani & Cai, 2022). Finally, the study on palliative care practices among nurses underscores the importance of improving factors that influence nursing practices through targeted interventions to enhance overall care quality and patient outcomes at the terminal stage of their lives (Xu et al., 2023). These sources collectively enhanced my knowledge of improving palliative care, making it accessible to underserved populations, navigating ethical complexities in EOL care, and enhancing nursing practices to improve palliative care across different contexts.

References

Akdeniz, M., Yardımcı, B., & Kavukcu, E. (2021). Ethical considerations at the end-of-life care. SAGE Open Medicine, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211000918 

Cotton, A., Sayers, J., Green, H., Magann, L., Paulik, O., Sikhosana, N., Fernandez, R., & Foster, J. (2024). Older persons’ perceptions and experiences of community palliative care: A systematic review of qualitative evidence. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 22(2), 234. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-22-00353 

Hashmi, S. A., Martins, R. S., Ishtiaq, A., Rizvi, N. A., Mustafa, M. A., Pervez, A., Siddiqui, A., Shariq, S. F., Nadeem, S., Haider, A. H., & Waqar, M. A. (2024). Development of palliative care clinical practice guidelines and referral care pathways for primary care practitioners in Pakistan. BioMed Central Palliative Care, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-024-01438-y 

Capella 4000 Assessment 2 Applying Research Skills

Lalani, N., & Cai, Y. (2022). Palliative care for rural growth and wellbeing: Identifying perceived barriers and facilitators in access to palliative care in rural Indiana, USA. BMC Palliative Care, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-022-00913-8 

Nacak, U. A., & Erden, Y. (2023). End-of-life care and nurse’s roles. The Eurasian Journal of Medicine, 54(Supp1), S141–S144. https://doi.org/10.5152/eurasianjmed.2022.22324 

Nakayama, K., Yonekura, Y., Danya, H., & Hagiwara, K. (2022). Associations between health literacy and information-evaluation and decision-making skills in Japanese adults. BioMed Central Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13892-5 

Capella 4000 Assessment 2 Applying Research Skills

Xu, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, J., Shu, Z., Jing, L., He, J., Liu, M., Chu, T., Teng, X., Ma, Y., & Li, S. (2023). Nurses’ practices and their influencing factors in palliative care. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1117923. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1117923 

Capella 4000 Assessment 1 Pledge of Academic Honesty

Name

Capella University

NHS-FPX 4000 Developing a Health Care Perspective

Prof. Name

Date

Pledge of Academic Honesty

Commitment to Personal Integrity

I hereby affirm that all academic work submitted for this course, as well as any other courses I undertake, will be solely my own. I pledge to be the exclusive creator of all assignments, ensuring that they reflect my original ideas and efforts. Unless I explicitly acknowledge, paraphrase, or summarize the contributions of others, all written content will be entirely authentic and free from external sources.

Understanding of Peer Contributions

I understand that using any portion of a peer’s discussion post without proper acknowledgment constitutes academic dishonesty. Additionally, I recognize that simply making minor changes to a peer’s work without sufficient rephrasing constitutes an act of academic deceit.

Capella 4000 Assessment 1 Pledge of Academic Honesty

Responsibility to Uphold Integrity

I pledge to promptly inform my instructor if I observe any instance where another student has misrepresented my work or that of others. I am aware that maintaining academic standards is a shared responsibility for all Capella University students.

Guidelines for Academic Work

Citing and Paraphrasing Practices

When directly quoting a source, I will place the text within quotation marks, offer context for the citation, and follow APA formatting rules for in-text citations and complete references. In cases where paraphrasing or summarizing is required, I will rephrase the content using unique vocabulary and sentence structure, ensuring that proper citation is included both in-text and at the end of my work.

Utilization of Academic Integrity Resources

I will thoroughly review recommended resources on academic integrity, which include:

• Academic Honesty & APA Style and Organization
• University Policy 3.01.01: Academic Integrity and Honesty [PDF]
• Upholding Academic Integrity
• Preventing Plagiarism

Consequences of Violating Academic Standards

Consequences for Academic Dishonesty

I acknowledge that any violation of the aforementioned standards is considered plagiarism, a serious breach of Capella University’s policies on academic integrity. If an instructor identifies an instance of academic dishonesty, they will:

1. Contact me directly to discuss the alleged violation.
2. Provide an opportunity for me to respond and address the accusation.
3. Impose consequences, which may include a zero on the assignment, a failing grade for the course, and other penalties as deemed appropriate.
4. Report the violation to Capella University following official protocols.

Capella 4000 Assessment 1 Pledge of Academic Honesty

Confirmation and Acknowledgment

By signing my name below, I confirm my understanding of and commitment to these guidelines. I understand that these regulations align with Capella University’s academic policies. If I have any questions or concerns regarding this pledge, I will seek clarification from my instructor before submitting my signature.

NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 4 Analyzing a Current Health Care Problem or Issue

Name

Capella University

NHS-FPX 4000 Developing a Health Care Perspective

Prof. Name

Date

Analyze a Current Health Care Problem or Issue

Technological advancements, including the integration of Electronic Health Records (EHR) and the utilization of Personal Health Information (PHI), offer novel chances for improving patient management and operational efficiency in healthcare settings. However, the widespread adoption of EHR systems and the storage of PHI also introduce cybersecurity vulnerabilities, making healthcare systems susceptible to threats like cyber attacks and unauthorized data access (Almalawi et al., 2023). In 2023, a staggering 133 million records were exposed, stolen, or improperly disclosed. The most significant breach of the year impacted 11,270,000 individuals (Watson, 2022). This assessment examines the pressing issue of cybersecurity vulnerabilities in healthcare, exacerbated by technological advancements. It explores the multifaceted challenges posed by cyber threats and potential solutions to these in healthcare settings.

Elements of The Problem/Issue

Technological advancements in healthcare refer to the continuous development and integration of innovative technologies to improve various aspects of healthcare delivery, patient outcomes, and operational efficiency. These advancements encompass a wide range of technologies, including EHR, telemedicine, wearable devices, Artificial Intelligence (AI), blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and 5G communication networks. It also introduces vulnerabilities like cybersecurity that can compromise patient data privacy, data integrity, and system security (Junaid et al., 2022). 

Wang et al. (2021), emphasize the interconnected trait of IoT devices, AI algorithmic bias, and vulnerabilities in blockchain and cloud computing. This insight sheds light on how various technological components in healthcare are interdependent, making them susceptible to cyber threats. Understanding these interconnections is crucial for developing comprehensive cybersecurity strategies. Kumar et al. (2023) highlight the risks associated with IoT devices in healthcare, including inadequate encryption protocols and vulnerabilities to data breaches. It focuses on specific examples of cyber threats targeting medical equipment and wearable devices. This article demonstrates the pressing need for rich security standards to protect PHI and ensure safety and privacy.

Lee et al. (2023), discuss the cybersecurity challenges introduced by the emergence of 5G communication networks in healthcare. They point out how the high-speed and low-response time capacities of 5G networks enable real-time remote healthcare services but also increase susceptibility to cyber threats like man-in-the-middle attacks. This article underscores the importance of securing medical devices and communication channels in the era of 5G technology. Dang et al. (2019), focus on the cybersecurity risks associated with cloud computing infrastructure in healthcare. They highlight how centralized cloud servers can become lucrative targets for cyber attacks, leading to potential breaches of sensitive patient information and disruptions in critical healthcare services. This article emphasizes the need for rich security standards to guard cloud-based healthcare data effectively.

Reasons 

These scholarly articles provide information on the interconnected nature of technological advancements in healthcare, such as IoT devices, AI, blockchain, and cloud computing. By highlighting the vulnerabilities and risks associated with these technologies, they underscore the critical importance of implementing robust cybersecurity measures in healthcare settings(Wang et al., 2021). The examples provided illustrate how cyber threats can exploit weaknesses in IoT devices, 5G networks, and cloud computing infrastructure, leading to potential breaches of sensitive patient data and disruptions in medical operations (Lee et al., 2023). These articles are published in reputable, peer-reviewed journals; these studies provide detailed analyses of various aspects of healthcare technology, particularly emphasizing the importance of protecting confidentiality and ensuring information safety (Dang et al., 2019). Such resources are invaluable for gaining comprehensive knowledge of the issues and requirements involved in safeguarding medical information amidst technological progress (Kumar et al., 2023).

Analysis of The Problem

The healthcare industry, particularly hospitals, faces a pressing cybersecurity issue exacerbated by rapid technological advancements. It underscores the industry’s vulnerability due to lagging in protecting stakeholders and the complex nature of hospital IT systems, which are increasingly susceptible to cyber threats  (Jofre et al., 2021). The integration of innovative technologies introduces new risks, including data breaches and unauthorized access, jeopardizing patient privacy and healthcare service continuity. These risks necessitate comprehensive cybersecurity measures, including risk assessment, mitigation strategies, and employee training, to safeguard healthcare organizations and their critical infrastructures against evolving threats (Jofre et al., 2021). Cyberattacks and data breaches in healthcare stem from various causes, including vulnerabilities in IT systems, phishing attacks, insider threats, ransomware, third-party risks, lack of security awareness, inadequate encryption, and legacy systems. These vulnerabilities can lead to unapproved access to healthcare networks, theft of PHI, disruptions in healthcare procedures, and compromised patient care (Poleto et al., 2021).

  Healthcare facility administrators and IT personnel bear the responsibility of protecting PHI and maintaining the wholeness of digital systems against cyber threats. Furthermore, insurance providers and regulatory bodies are affected as they must ensure compliance with cybersecurity regulations and assess the financial and legal implications of potential data breaches (Sardi et al., 2020). For example, in 2019, a staggering total of 505 healthcare data breaches were reported across 86 countries, exposing, stealing, or illegally disclosing approximately 41.2 million healthcare records.

NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 4 Analyzing a Current Health Care Problem or Issue

These breaches incurred significant financial losses within the healthcare industry, with costs reaching $6.45 million for each case, notably higher than the overall average of $3.92 million. Particularly in the USA, where data breaches tend to be most costly, the expense of a data violation soared to a staggering $15 million, illustrating the severe financial ramifications of cybersecurity incidents in the healthcare sector (Seh et al., 2020). Cybersecurity issues affect various stakeholders within the healthcare sector. Patients are primarily impacted as their sensitive health information could be compromised in cyber-attacks, leading to potential privacy breaches and identity theft. Healthcare providers, including doctors, nurses, and administrative staff, also face challenges as cyber-attacks can disrupt essential medical services (Sardi et al., 2020).

Cyberattacks in healthcare involve individuals, including malicious hackers and sometimes even insiders, who have access to sensitive information. These attacks are often increased by factors such as the lucrative black market for stolen healthcare data and inadequate cybersecurity measures, which create new vulnerabilities for exploitation. Additionally, the interconnected nature of healthcare networks and the critical need for uninterrupted access to patient data make the sector particularly attractive and vulnerable to cyber threats (Seh et al., 2020).

Potential Solutions

Addressing the pervasive threat of cybersecurity risks in technological advancements necessitates a multifaceted approach to mitigate vulnerabilities and safeguard sensitive data. One potential solution lies in the implementation of robust encryption protocols across all levels of data transmission and storage. Advanced encryption methods, such as end-to-end encryption, homomorphic encryption techniques, and blockchain technology, can significantly enhance data security by rendering intercepted information unreadable to unauthorized parties (Ali et al., 2023). Moreover, funding for updated cybersecurity infrastructure and regularly updating software and firmware can fortify defenses against evolving cyber threats. This study includes deploying intrusion detection systems, firewalls, and authentication mechanisms to detect and stop forbidden approaches to networks and systems (Arafa et al., 2023). 

Raising cybersecurity awareness and education among employees and users is paramount. Conducting regular training sessions to educate healthcare providers on recognizing phishing attempts, practicing safe browsing habits, and adhering to strict password management policies can significantly reduce the likelihood of successful cyberattacks (Alnajim et al., 2023). Furthermore, collaborating with cybersecurity experts and regulatory authorities to develop and enforce stringent compliance standards and regulations can ensure accountability and promote adherence to best practices in data protection. By establishing comprehensive frameworks such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), organizations can mitigate legal and financial repercussions resulting from data breaches (Pardayevna, 2023). Failure to address cybersecurity risks in technological advancements can result in severe effects, both for organizations and individuals. Ignoring these issues can result in substantial financial losses due to legal penalties, remediation costs, and damage to reputation and customer trust. Moreover, the exposure of sensitive personal and medical data can have profound implications for individuals, including identity theft, fraud, and compromised privacy (Kioskli et al., 2023).

 Implementation of Ethical Solutions

Deploying technology solutions necessitates a comprehensive assessment of ethical standards to harmonize with medical professionals’ legal duties. Enhancing cybersecurity in healthcare demands following moral principles like beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice to ensure patient welfare and fairness. The implementation of a thorough assessment of existing cybersecurity measures follows the autonomy that empowers healthcare organizations to respect patients’ rights to control their data. By conducting this assessment, organizations ensure transparency and accountability in how patient information is handled and protected (Lieneck et al., 2023). For example, it will allow patients to trust that their data is being safeguarded effectively. It will encourage them to make informed decisions about their healthcare without fear of unauthorized access or breaches of confidentiality (Yeng et al., 2022).

Conducting regular training sessions and simulated phishing exercises demonstrates beneficence by prioritizing the well-being of employees and patients. By equipping staff with skills to identify and address security threats, healthcare organizations actively work towards protecting PHI and EHR and ensuring the unity of healthcare services (Echeverría et al., 2021). For instance, implementing appropriate security controls and policies such as HIPAA and GDPR further contributes to the beneficent goal of protecting patient confidentiality and maintaining trust in the healthcare system (Lee et al., 2021). 

Thorough assessments and corrective actions reflect non-maleficence by proactively addressing potential risks to patient data and healthcare operations. By identifying and rectifying deficiencies in compliance with regulatory standards, healthcare organizations mitigate the possibility of harm caused by data breaches or security vulnerabilities (Lieneck et al., 2023). For example, establishing a robust risk management framework further ensures the prevention of adverse consequences associated with cybersecurity risks (Alabdulatif et al., 2022). Collaboration with stakeholders and sharing intelligence promotes justice by providing equal access to cybersecurity resources and knowledge across the healthcare sector, regardless of organizational size or resources. For example, it fosters a collaborative environment where all parties work together to strengthen cybersecurity defenses and mitigate threats, thus promoting fairness and equity in safeguarding patient data  (Aivaliotis et al., 2022).

Conclusion

In conclusion, this assessment addresses the cybersecurity challenges posed by technological advancements in healthcare, emphasizing vulnerabilities introduced by EHR systems and PHI utilization. It examines the causes and impacts of cyber threats, proposes potential solutions, and underscores the ethical implications of implementing cybersecurity measures in healthcare settings.

Reference 

Aivaliotis, V., Tsantikidou, K., & Sklavos, N. (2022). IoT-based multi-sensor healthcare architectures and a lightweight-based privacy scheme. Sensors, 22(11), 4269. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114269 

Alabdulatif, A., Khalil, I., & Saidur Rahman, M. (2022). Security of blockchain and AI-empowered smart healthcare: Application-based analysis. Applied Sciences, 12(21), 11039. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122111039 

Ali, A., Al-rimy, B. A. S., Alsubaei, F. S., Almazroi, A. A., & Almazroi, A. A. (2023). HealthLock: Blockchain-based privacy preservation using homomorphic encryption in internet of things healthcare applications. Sensors, 23(15), 6762. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156762 

Almalawi, A., Khan, A. I., Alsolami, F., Abushark, Y. B., & Alfakeeh, A. S. (2023). Managing security of healthcare data for a modern healthcare system. Sensors, 23(7), 3612. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073612 

Alnajim, A. M., Habib, S., Islam, M., AlRawashdeh, H. S., & Wasim, M. (2023). Exploring cybersecurity education and training techniques: A comprehensive review of traditional, virtual reality, and augmented reality approaches. Symmetry, 15(12), 2175. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15122175 

Arafa, A., Sheerah, H. A., & Alsalamah, S. (2023). Emerging digital technologies in healthcare with a spotlight on cybersecurity: A narrative review. Information, 14(12), 640. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14120640 

Dang, L. M., Piran, Md. J., Han, D., Min, K., & Moon, H. (2019). A survey on internet of things and cloud computing for healthcare. Electronics, 8(7), 768. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8070768 

Echeverría, A., Cevallos, C., Ortiz-Garces, I., & Andrade, R. O. (2021). Cybersecurity model based on hardening for secure internet of things implementation. Applied Sciences, 11(7), 3260. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11073260 

Jofre, M., Llobet, D. N., Agulló, R., Puig, J., Granadillo, G. G., Zamorano, J. M., & Romeu, R. (2021). Cybersecurity and privacy risk assessment of point-of-care systems in healthcare—A use case approach. Applied Sciences, 11(15), 6699. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11156699 

Junaid, S. B., Imam, A. A., Balogun, A. O., De Silva, L. C., Surakat, Y. A., Kumar, G., Abdulkarim, M., Shuaibu, A. N., Garba, A., Sahalu, Y., Mohammed, A., Mohammed, T. Y., Abdulkadir, B. A., Abba, A. A., Kakumi, N. A. I., & Mahamad, S. (2022). Recent advancements in emerging technologies for healthcare management systems: A Survey. Healthcare, 10(10), 1940. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101940 

Kioskli, K., Fotis, T., Nifakos, S., & Mouratidis, H. (2023). The importance of conceptualising the human-centric approach in maintaining and promoting cybersecurity-hygiene in healthcare 4.0. Applied Sciences, 13(6), 3410. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063410 

NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 4 Analyzing a Current Health Care Problem or Issue

Kumar, M., Kumar, A., Verma, S., Bhattacharya, P., Ghimire, D., Kim, S., & Hosen, A. S. M. S. (2023). Healthcare Internet of Things (H-IoT): Current trends, future prospects, applications, challenges, and security issues. Electronics, 12(9), 2050. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12092050 

Lee, M.-H., Liu, I-Hsien., Huang, H.-C., & Li, J.-S. (2023). Cyber security in a 5G-based smart healthcare network: A base station case study. Engineering Proceedings, 55(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023055050 

Lee, T.-F., Chang, I-Pin., & Kung, T.-S. (2021). Blockchain-based healthcare information preservation using extended chaotic maps for HIPAA privacy/security regulations. Applied Sciences, 11(22), 10576. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210576 

Lieneck, C., McLauchlan, M., & Phillips, S. (2023). Healthcare cybersecurity ethical concerns during the COVID-19 global pandemic: A rapid review. Healthcare, 11(22), 2983. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11222983 

Pardayevna, K. N. (2023). The role of foreign language learning in forming professional competences of future economists. Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 37(3), 769. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7699408 

Poleto, T., Carvalho, V. D. H. de, Silva, A. L. B. da, Clemente, T. R. N., Silva, M. M., Gusmão, A. P. H. de, Costa, A. P. C. S., & Nepomuceno, T. C. C. (2021). Fuzzy cognitive scenario mapping for causes of cybersecurity in telehealth services. Healthcare, 9(11), 1504. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111504 

Sardi, A., Rizzi, A., Sorano, E., & Guerrieri, A. (2020). Cyber risk in health facilities: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 12(17), 7002. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177002 

Seh, A. H., Zarour, M., Alenezi, M., Sarkar, A. K., Agrawal, A., Kumar, R., & Khan, R. A. (2020). Healthcare data breaches: Insights and implications. Healthcare, 8(2), 133. NCBI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8020133 

NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 4 Analyzing a Current Health Care Problem or Issue

Wang, Q., Su, M., Zhang, M., & Li, R. (2021). Integrating digital technologies and public health to fight COVID-19 pandemic: Key technologies, applications, challenges and outlook of digital healthcare. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 6053. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116053 

Watson, R. M. (2022). Healthcare data breach statistics. HIPAA Journal. https://www.hipaajournal.com/healthcare-data-breach-statistics/ 

Yeng, P. K., Fauzi, M. A., & Yang, B. (2022). A comprehensive assessment of human factors in cyber security compliance toward enhancing the security practice of healthcare staff in paperless hospitals. Information, 13(7), 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/info13070335 

NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Applying Ethical Principles

Name

Capella University

NHS-FPX 4000 Developing a Health Care Perspective

Prof. Name

Date

Applying Ethical Principles

Healthcare providers embrace ethical principles as rules and standards to safeguard the safety and integrity of patients. Ethical principles guide how doctors make decisions. Autonomy means patients can decide about their care. Beneficence is about doctors doing what is best for patients. Nonmaleficence means doctors must avoid causing harm. Justice ensures that treatment is fair and equal for everyone (Varkey, 2020). Ethical issues in healthcare arise from complex situations where decisions must be made regarding patient care, informed consent, confidentiality, and treatment. These issues stem from balancing competing interests, values, and principles while prioritizing patient well-being and upholding professional integrity (Char et al., 2020). The assessment aims to underscore how ethical principles guide medical personnel in addressing ethical challenges.

Overview of the Case Study

In this case study, Dr. Leonard Harper, a geneticist at Hillside Medical Center, and Mrs. Clara Bennett, a concerned expectant mother, shed light on ethical dilemmas surrounding prenatal genetic testing. It revolves around the conflict between patient autonomy and the necessity of transparent communication in healthcare. Mrs. Bennett’s request for confidentiality regarding her unborn child suspected of Down Syndrome from her husband. She does not want to share about her unborn child’s condition, which creates an ethical dilemma for Dr. Harper. He confronts the delicate balance between respecting patient autonomy and fostering open dialogue within families. This scenario underscores the significance of patient autonomy, privacy, and ethical decision-making in medical practice.

 Scholarly investigations into the necessity of patient autonomy and transparent communication in genetic medicine illuminate Dr. Leonard Harper’s ethical quandary concerning Mrs. Clara Bennett. Analyzing this case study through the lens of peer-reviewed journal articles provides valuable insights into ethical considerations. According to Dhirani et al. (2023), one pertinent aspect is the significance of patient autonomy in healthcare decision-making, particularly in contexts involving prenatal genetic testing. It aligns with Mrs. Bennett’s desire to have authority over her medical information and treatment decisions. Understanding and respecting the desires of the patients is crucial for trust and collaboration between patients and healthcare providers.

NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Applying Ethical Principles

Zaami et al. (2021), delve into the importance of open communication among family members in ethical decision-making processes related to prenatal genetic testing. Their research emphasizes the need for transparent discussions and shared decision-making. It involves disclosing sensitive information to all relevant parties. In the case of Mrs. Bennett, her request for confidentiality from her husband raises ethical concerns about the potential impact on familial relationships and the long-term implications for medical decision-making. Martin et al. (2021), shed light on the unique challenges faced by military families, such as the Bennetts, in navigating healthcare decisions. Psychiatrists need to communicate clearly with patients through informed decision-making. It underscores the need for healthcare professionals like Dr. Harper to respect patients’ autonomy when addressing ethical dilemmas. 

By incorporating insights from these peer-reviewed articles, healthcare workers gain a deeper understanding of the moral dimensions of Dr. Harper’s dilemma. The selected articles provide evidence-based perspectives on patient autonomy, open communication, and family dynamics, which are essential for informing ethical decision-making in healthcare settings (Giannetta et al., 2021). They offer valuable guidance for navigating complex situations like the one presented in this case study. It ensures that ethical principles are upheld while respecting patients’ rights and promoting their well-being (Manesh et al., 2022).

The rationale for choosing these studies lies in their alignment with the CRAAP criteria, which stands for currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose. This criterion is utilized to assess the credibility and precision of sources (Weiss et al., 2021). These articles provide an in-depth view of the significance of patient autonomy, transparent communication, and trust in genetic healthcare decision-making. They underscore the ethical imperative of honoring individuals’ rights and fostering trust between patients and healthcare providers.

Effectiveness of Communication Approaches in the Case Study

 Several approaches have been employed to analyze the effectiveness of communication strategies in the given case study involving Dr. Leonard Harper and Mrs. Clara Bennett. Firstly, the approach of respecting patient autonomy is crucial. Mrs. Bennett’s request to withhold information from her husband stems from her autonomy over her medical decisions. This approach should be upheld as it respects her right to make choices about her healthcare independently (Mula & Estrada, 2020). Dr. Leonard Harper’s practice of maintaining confidentiality and showing empathy toward Mrs. Clara Bennett plays a crucial role in facilitating effective communication (Ferorelli et al., 2020). By establishing a safe space where Mrs. Clara Bennett can freely voice her concerns without fear of judgment or pressure, Dr. Harper acknowledges and respects her autonomy, reflecting a commitment to personalized patient care. However, the case also highlights the importance of open communication in medical settings.

While respecting Mrs. Bennett’s autonomy, Dr. Harper faces a dilemma regarding the potential consequences of withholding information from her husband. Open communication is essential for fostering trust and ensuring that all relevant persons are involved in decision-making (Ferorelli et al., 2020). A more effective approach would include facilitating a transparent discussion between Dr. Harper, Mrs. Bennett, and her husband. This approach promotes shared decision-making and ensures that all parties are informed about the situation. Avoiding unilateral decisions and promoting collaborative discussions help address ethical dilemmas while upholding patient autonomy and fostering trust (Kaper et al., 2019).On the other hand, approaches that prioritize secrecy or unilateral decision-making should be avoided. Keeping crucial medical information from involved parties can lead to misunderstandings, erode trust, and undermine the integrity of the doctor-patient relationship. Respecting patient autonomy is vital. Practical communication approaches should prioritize transparency, collaboration, and shared decision-making to navigate complex ethical dilemmas in healthcare (Ilardo & Speciale, 2020).

Ethical Decision-Making Model 

 The ethical decision-making model consists of moral awareness, moral judgment, and ethical behavior. Initially, individuals must recognize moral and ethical dilemmas, a step Dr. Harper demonstrates in the case study by acknowledging the conflict between patient autonomy and family communication dynamics. Subsequently, moral judgment involves assessing ethical justifications, which Dr. Harper exhibits by organizing a private consultation to understand the patient’s perspective and evaluate moral principles (Zhang et al., 2020). Following moral judgment is ethical behavior, where individuals intend to make ethical decisions. Dr. Harper’s intention to respect the patient’s autonomy by providing comprehensive information about risks and considering the potential consequences for the patient and her family reflects moral awareness. The geneticist’s competency lies in his ability to uphold ethical commitments while mitigating concerns within the medical partnership (Galletta et al., 2022). Effective approaches, like promoting autonomy and communication, can yield positive outcomes for Mrs. Clara, providing her with the confidence to talk about the medical condition of her child to her husband. It encourages healthcare professionals to uphold ethical responsibilities, improving compliance with medical regimens and patient safety (Rabeson et al., 2022).

In contrast, ineffective strategies like paternalism can lead to negative consequences, including decreased patient trust and dissatisfaction with Dr. Leonard. Moreover, breaches of patient confidentiality and communication breakdowns weaken therapeutic alliances, leading to moral distress and reduced job satisfaction among healthcare professionals. Ethical failures can also result in legal repercussions for healthcare systems, affecting judicial and legislative proceedings (Fabricius et al., 2022). 

Resolving the Ethical Dilemma by Applying Ethical Principles

Addressing the situation presented in Dr. Leonard Harper’s case study involving his patient, Mrs. Clara Bennett, offers a pathway to finding solutions by applying ethical principles. The resolution of this case study revolves around three fundamental ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, and transparent communication. The ethical dilemma is effectively managed through the application of these principles, as maintaining trust in the clinical relationship necessitates balancing confidentiality with goodwill, ensuring that benefits are maximized. At the same time, harm is minimized (Barello et al., 2020). Dr. Leonard Harper engages in extensive discussions with Mrs. Clara Bennett, wherein he thoroughly explores the potential consequences of disclosing the results of the genetic test to her husband.

This approach aligns with ethical principles of informed decision-making and autonomy, empowering the patient to make well-informed medical decisions, including whether to share sensitive genetic test results (Yang et al., 2019). Additionally, by fostering open communication with Mrs. Bennett’s husband, Dr. Harper promotes beneficence and autonomy, creating a supportive familial environment conducive to collaborative decision-making regarding their prenatal child’s healthcare (Liu et al., 2020). This proposed solution strikes a balance between individual autonomy and ethical medical practice, prioritizing both patient autonomy and family well-being. This approach enables healthcare professionals to fulfill their professional responsibilities in enhancing patient care while upholding ethical principles and preserving trust in the patient-provider relationship (Nguyen et al., 2019).

Conclusion

In conclusion, applying ethical principles such as autonomy, beneficence, and transparent communication is crucial in navigating complex healthcare dilemmas. By respecting patient autonomy, promoting open communication, and considering the welfare of all involved parties, healthcare professionals can uphold ethical standards while providing optimal care. This approach fosters trust and collaboration and ultimately improves patient outcomes.

References

Barello, S., Palamenghi, L., & Graffigna, G. (2020). The mediating role of the patient health engagement model on the relationship between patient perceived autonomy supportive healthcare climate and health literacy skills. International Journal of Environmental   Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051741

Char, D. S., Abràmoff, M. D., & Feudtner, C. (2020). Identifying ethical considerations for machine learning healthcare applications. The American Journal of Bioethics, 20(11), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1819469 

Dhirani, L. L., Mukhtiar, N., Chowdhry, B. S., & Newe, T. (2023). Ethical dilemmas and privacy issues in emerging technologies: A sensors review., 23(3), 1151. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031151

Fabricius, P. K., Aharaz, A., Stefánsdóttir, N. T., Houlind, M. B., Steffensen, K. D., Andersen, O., & Kirk, J. W. (2022). Shared Decision making with acutely hospitalized, older poly-medicated patients: A mixed-methods study in an emergency department. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6429. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116429

Ferorelli, D., Mandarelli, G., & Solarino, B. (2020). Ethical challenges in health care policy during COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. medicina, 56(12), 691. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56120691

Galletta, M., Piazza, M. F., Meloni, S. L., Chessa, E., Piras, I., Arnetz, J. E., & D’Aloja, E. (2022). Patient involvement in shared decision-making: Do patients rate physicians and nurses differently? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114229

Giannetta, N., Villa, G., Pennestrì, F., Sala, R., Mordacci, R., & Manara, D. F. (2021). Ethical problems and moral distress in primary care: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147565

Ilardo, M. L., & Speciale, A. (2020). The community pharmacist: Perceived barriers and patient-centered care communication. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020536

NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Applying Ethical Principles

Kaper, M. S., Winter, A. F. de, Bevilacqua, R., Giammarchi, C., McCusker, A., Sixsmith, J., Koot, J. A. R., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2019). Positive outcomes of a comprehensive health literacy communication training for health professionals in three European countries: A multi-centre pre-post intervention Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20), 3923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203923

Liu, H., Crespo, R. G., & Martínez, O. S. (2020). Enhancing privacy and data security across healthcare applications using blockchain and distributed ledger concepts. Healthcare, 8(3), 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030243

Manesh, A. K. -, Goniewicz, K., Phattharapornjaroen, P., Gray, L., Carlström, E., Sundwall, A., Hertelendy, A. J., & Burkle, F. M. (2022). Differences in ethical viewpoints among civilian–military populations: A survey among practitioners in two European countries, based on a systematic literature review. Sustainability, 14(3), 1085. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031085

Martin, R., Kusev, P., Teal, J., Baranova, V., & Rigal, B. (2021). Moral decision making: From Bentham to veil of ignorance via perspective taking accessibility. Behavioral Sciences, 11(5), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11050066

Mula, J. M., & Estrada, J. G. (2020). Impact of nurse-patient Relationship on quality of care and patient autonomy in decision-making. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030835

Nguyen, J., Smith, L., Hunter, J., & Harnett, J. E. (2019). Conventional and complementary medicine health care practitioners’ perspectives on interprofessional communication: A qualitative rapid review. Medicina, 55(10), 650. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55100650

Rabeson, L., Paraschiv, C., Bertrandias, L., & Chenavaz, R. (2022). Couple ethical purchase behavior and joint decision making: Understanding the interaction process and the dynamics of influence. Sustainability, 14(13), 8105. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138105

NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Applying Ethical Principles

Varkey, B. (2020). Principles of clinical ethics and their application to practice. Medical Principles and Practice, 30(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000509119

Weiss, A. P., Alwan, A., Garcia, E. P., & Kirakosian, A. T. (2021). Toward a comprehensive model of fake news: A new approach to examine the creation and sharing of false information. Societies, 11(3), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11030082

Yang, J., Onik, M., Lee, N.-Y., Ahmed, M., & Kim, C.-S. (2019). Proof-of-familiarity: A privacy-preserved blockchain scheme for collaborative medical decision-making. applied sciences, 9(7), 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071370

Zaami, S., Orrico, A., Signore, F., Cavaliere, A. F., Mazzi, M., & Marinelli, E. (2021). Ethical, Legal and Social Issues (ELSI) associated with non-invasive prenatal testing: Reflections on the evolution of prenatal diagnosis and procreative choices. Genes, 12(2), 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12020204

Zhang, L., Li, H., & Chen, K. (2020). Effective risk communication for public health emergency: Reflection on the COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) outbreak in Wuhan, China. Healthcare, 8(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8010064

NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 2 Applying Research Skills

Name

Capella University

NHS-FPX 4000 Developing a Health Care Perspective

Prof. Name

Date

Applying Research Skills

Healthcare challenges arise from historical and systemic barriers. Limited access to resources persistently hinders the delivery of adequate services to communities despite efforts to promote equitable access to healthcare. Factors such as geographical isolation, inadequate infrastructure, lack of insurance, and shortages of healthcare providers contribute to these challenges (Núñez et al., 2021). Approximately 646 million individuals worldwide, accounting for 8.9% of the world population, face restricted access to healthcare within one hour when relying on motorized transport. Additionally, a staggering 3.16 billion people, constituting 43.3% of the populace, encounter obstacles in reaching healthcare facilities within the same timeframe by foot, predominantly due to isolated geographical locations (Weiss et al., 2020). Healthcare providers understand and address barriers to access, which is crucial for delivering equitable care to all patients. It involves identifying patient populations with limited access and implementing interventions such as telemedicine and in-home healthcare services to bridge the gap (Isles et al., 2021).

 In my nursing practice, I encountered significant challenges linked to limited access to healthcare. It concerned barriers such as location, cost, and provider availability. One notable issue within my healthcare facility was the prevalence of untreated conditions and health disparities due to these barriers. Patients often experience difficulties accessing timely medical care due to transportation issues or lack of insurance coverage. This led to worsened health conditions and the overall well-being of individuals in our community. This assessment focuses on exploring best practices aimed at addressing the pressing issue of limited access to healthcare services through annotated bibliographies.

Identification of Academic Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles

Various resources, including Capella University Library, Google Scholar, CINAHL, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, were utilized to address the challenges of accessing healthcare. Diverse keywords were applied to enhance the research, and the CRAAP criteria were employed to search for articles. Additionally, reliability and academic validity were ensured by screening peer-reviewed publications. Keywords such as “barriers to healthcare,” “telehealth, healthcare,” and “telemedicine” were employed to refine searches. To ensure currency, the search was limited to publications within the last five years.

Evaluating Credibility and Relevance of Information Sources

In the evaluation of information credibility for interventions like telemedicine, the CRAAP criteria, namely Currency, Relevance, Accuracy, Authority, and Purpose, were carefully followed (Weiss et al., 2021). Sources were chosen, prioritizing academic peer-reviewed journals that aligned with the authority and relevance criteria. These sources refined the authors’ expertise in their field and content connection. Articles within the last five years were selected to address currency, acknowledging the dynamic nature of telehealth. The systematic approach guaranteed rigorous scholarly review processes and ongoing relevance, enhancing the reliability and applicability of the topic. These sources provided valuable insight into the implications of interventions for limited healthcare access (Diz & Rufino, 2021). These papers sought to address issues in the availability and access of healthcare, aiming to improve the well-being of the population.

Annotated Bibliography

Anderson, J., & Singh, J. (2021). A case study of using telehealth in a rural healthcare facility to expand services and protect the health and safety of patients and staff. Healthcare, 9(6), 736. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060736 

In this article, the authors examined the implementation of telemedicine in a rural healthcare system to enhance facilities and ensure the safety of patients and staff. The study outlined the barriers encountered by exurban healthcare facilities, including the restricted approach to specialized care and the need to minimize exposure to infectious diseases. By integrating telehealth technology, the facility expanded access to healthcare services, enabling patients to consult with specialists remotely. This approach not only improved patient outcomes but also reduced the risk of disease transmission, particularly during world health situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. 

This study highlighted the cruciality of strategic planning and investment in telehealth infrastructure, as well as staff training to utilize the technology effectively. Additionally, this article underscored the need for policy support and reimbursement mechanisms to sustain telehealth services in rural areas. This article was selected for its examination of telemedicine’s implementation in rural healthcare, addressing critical barriers like limited specialized care and infection control. It emphasizes the importance of strategic planning, staff training, and policy support to sustain telehealth services in rural areas. 

Ledesma, E. E., & Langabeer, T. C. (2022). Advancing access to healthcare through telehealth: A Brownsville community assessment. Healthcare, 10(12), 2509. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10122509 

The article presented a comprehensive assessment of telehealth implementation in Brownsville, Texas, a region facing significant healthcare challenges. It highlighted infrastructure disparities, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions to address the unique needs of underserved communities. Key findings revealed barriers such as technological limitations, language barriers, and cultural stigmas. Stakeholder input underscored the importance of a hybrid model, integrating in-person and telemedicine visits and prioritizing resources for diabetes management and behavioral health.

The study recommended an interprofessional approach, leveraging community partnerships and culturally sensitive strategies. Recommendations included accountability measures, citizen representation in governance, and leveraging existing healthcare networks. 

The research underscored the potential of telehealth to bridge healthcare gaps. Still, it stressed the necessity of context-specific solutions and community engagement for successful implementation. The article was chosen for its detailed examination of telehealth implementation in a community facing healthcare challenges, providing insights into addressing barriers like technological limitations and cultural stigmas. Nurses can benefit from its recommendations for a hybrid care model, interprofessional collaboration, and community engagement. This article offers practical strategies for improving healthcare delivery in underserved populations.

Sampa, M. B., Hoque, Md. R., Islam, R., Nishikitani, M., Nakashima, N., Yokota, F., Kikuchi, K., Rahman, M. M., Shah, F., & Ahmed, A. (2020). Redesigning portable health clinic platform as a remote healthcare system to tackle COVID-19 pandemic situation in unreached communities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134709  

The article discussed adapting portable health clinics into remote healthcare systems to address the problems caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in underserved communities. This study explored transforming traditional healthcare delivery models to overcome limitations in reaching remote populations during the pandemic. The study emphasized the importance of innovative solutions to ensure continuous healthcare access for communities with limited resources and infrastructure. By repurposing portable health clinics and integrating telemedicine technologies, healthcare professionals could remotely check and treat patients, reducing the risk of virus infection and enhancing healthcare accessibility.

The article outlined the redesign process of the portable health clinic platform, focusing on the integration of telemedicine tools, such as video consultations and remote monitoring devices. It also discussed the implementation challenges and strategies for overcoming barriers to remote healthcare delivery in unreached communities. Overall, the study highlighted the potential of repurposing existing healthcare infrastructure and leveraging technology to address public health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in underserved and remote areas. This article was selected because it highlights innovative solutions to address healthcare access challenges in underserved communities. Nurses can find value in articles’ insights on integrating telemedicine tools and providing guidance for delivering remote healthcare effectively in resource-limited settings.

Zegeye, B., El-Khatib, Z., Ameyaw, E. K., Seidu, A.-A., Ahinkorah, B. O., Keetile, M., & Yaya, S. (2021). Breaking barriers to healthcare access: A multilevel analysis of individual- and community-level factors affecting women’s access to healthcare services in Benin. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020750 

The article explored the intricate dynamics influencing Benin’s approach to healthcare. Through a multilevel analysis, the study delved into both individual and community factors impacting healthcare accessibility. By examining variables such as socioeconomic status, education level, distance to health facilities, and community resources, the research shed light on the complex web of challenges faced by women seeking healthcare services. The study highlighted disparities in healthcare access based on factors such as income level and educational attainment, illustrating how these individual-level characteristics interacted with broader community-level factors.

Components such as transportation infrastructure, availability of healthcare facilities, and cultural norms further shaped women’s ability to access healthcare services. By comprehensively analyzing these factors at multiple levels, the study provided valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare practitioners aiming to address healthcare disparities in Benin. The rationale for choosing this research paper is for its in-depth analysis of the complex factors influencing healthcare accessibility. By understanding the interplay of individual and community-level determinants, nurses can tailor interventions to address specific barriers and improve healthcare access for women in community settings.

Learnings from the Research 

The analysis of multiple articles on healthcare access has enhanced my knowledge of valuable insights for implementing new interventions to address limited healthcare access. For instance, from Anderson and Singh’s (2021) study, I learned about the importance of telemedicine implementation in rural healthcare facilities to overcome the problem of limited access to resources. Telemedicine can expand services and enhance patient safety, especially during public health events like the COVID-19 pandemic. Ledesma and Langabeer (2022) highlight the importance of tailored interventions and community engagement in addressing barriers to telehealth adoption in regions with significant healthcare challenges, such as Brownsville, Texas. Sampa et al. (2020) discuss the repurposing of mobile health clinics into telehealth systems, showcasing innovative solutions to overcome limitations in reaching underserved communities during public health emergencies. From Zegeye et al.’s. (2021) papers, I understood the pressing need for targeted interventions considering individual and community-level determinants. These studies helped me to understand the challenges of healthcare access and stressed the need for planning, investing in infrastructure, working together, and involving communities to improve it. They look at different factors affecting healthcare access and offer specific solutions. Overall, from all the discussed bibliographies, I learned about the severity of the issue of limited access to healthcare services. By utilizing these articles, healthcare staff can learn useful interventions to overcome the challenges that arise due to limited access to healthcare services.

References

Anderson, J., & Singh, J. (2021). A case study of using telehealth in a rural healthcare facility to expand services and protect the health and safety of patients and staff. Healthcare, 9(6), 736. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060736

Diz, P. H., & Rufino, C. L. (2021). Libraries fight disinformation: An analysis of online practices to help users’ generations in spotting fake news. Societies, 11(4), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11040133

Isles, D. N., Macniven, R., Hunter, K., Gwynn, J., Lincoln, M., Moir, R., Dimitropoulos, Y., Taylor, D., Agius, T., Finlayson, H., Martin, R., Ward, K., Tobin, S., & Gwynne, K. (2021). Enablers and barriers to accessing healthcare services for Aboriginal people in New South Wales, Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063014 

Ledesma, E. E., & Langabeer, T. C. (2022). Advancing access to healthcare through telehealth: A Brownsville community assessment. Healthcare, 10(12), 2509. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10122509

Núñez, A., Sreeganga, S. D., & Ramaprasad, A. (2021). Access to healthcare during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2980. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062980

Sampa, M. B., Hoque, Md. R., Islam, R., Nishikitani, M., Nakashima, N., Yokota, F., Kikuchi, K., Rahman, M. M., Shah, F., & Ahmed, A. (2020). Redesigning portable health clinic platform as a remote healthcare system to tackle COVID-19 pandemic situation in unreached communities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134709 

NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 2 Applying Research Skills

Weiss, A. P., Alwan, A., Garcia, E. P., & Kirakosian, A. T. (2021). Toward a comprehensive model of fake news: A new approach to examine the creation and sharing of false information. Societies, 11(3), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11030082

Weiss, D. J., Nelson, A., Vargas-Ruiz, C. A., Gligorić, K., Bavadekar, S., Gabrilovich, E., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Rozier, J., Gibson, H. S., Shekel, T., Kamath, C., Lieber, A., Schulman, K., Shao, Y., Qarkaxhija, V., Nandi, A. K., Keddie, S. H., Rumisha, S., Amratia, P., & Arambepola, R. (2020). Global maps of travel time to healthcare facilities. Nature Medicine, 26(12), 1835–1838. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1059-1 

Zegeye, B., El-Khatib, Z., Ameyaw, E. K., Seidu, A.-A., Ahinkorah, B. O., Keetile, M., & Yaya, S. (2021). Breaking barriers to healthcare access: A multilevel analysis of individual- and community-level factors affecting women’s access to healthcare services in Benin. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020750

NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 1 Pledge of Academic Honesty

Name

Capella University

NHS-FPX 4000 Developing a Health Care Perspective

Prof. Name

Date

Pledge of Academic Honesty

I hereby affirm that all academic work produced for this course, as well as for any other courses I undertake, will solely be my own. I commit to being the exclusive author of all assignments, ensuring that my work reflects my own ideas and efforts. Furthermore, I acknowledge that unless specifically indicating, paraphrasing, or summarizing the contributions of others, all written content will be original and not sourced from external references.

Recognition of Peer Contributions

I understand that using any portion of a peer’s discussion post without proper citation constitutes academic dishonesty. Moreover, I recognize that making minimal changes to a peer’s post and passing it off as my own is considered an act of academic dishonesty.

Obligation to Uphold Academic Integrity

I commit to promptly notifying my instructor if I encounter any instance where another student has misrepresented my work or the work of others. I understand that maintaining academic integrity at Capella University is a collective responsibility.

Guidelines for Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

When directly quoting a source, I will place the text in quotation marks, provide context for the citation, and follow APA formatting guidelines for in-text citations and references. When paraphrasing or summarizing, I will rewrite the content using different wording and sentence structures, while ensuring the appropriate citation within the text and in the reference list.

Exploration of Academic Integrity Resources

I will thoroughly explore the recommended resources on academic integrity, including:

1. Academic Honesty & APA Style and Organization.
2. University Policy 3.01.01: Academic Integrity and Honesty [PDF].
3. Upholding Academic Integrity.
4. Preventing Plagiarism.

Ramifications of Academic Misconduct

I acknowledge that any violation of the standards outlined above constitutes plagiarism, a serious breach of academic integrity under Capella University’s regulations. If an instructor detects academic dishonesty, they will:

1. Contact me directly to address the alleged violation.
2. Offer me an opportunity to respond and contest any accusations of plagiarism.
3. Impose penalties, which may include a zero score for the assignment or unit, a failing final grade, or other repercussions.
4. Report the violation to Capella University according to the established procedures.

NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 1 Pledge of Academic Honesty

Confirmation and Assent

By signing my full name below, I confirm my understanding of and commitment to these guidelines. I recognize that these guidelines are aligned with Capella University’s academic policies. If I have any questions or concerns regarding this pledge, I will consult my instructor before signing.